…is that an arterial line must never be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous blood pressure monitoring in haemodynamic instability or during ongoing vasoactive…

…simple: two attempts or 90 seconds — then go intraosseous. Indications Peripheral venous cannula: Intravenous drug treatment, fluid or blood products. Contrast medium for CT (this…

…paracentesis set or a catheter over needle, 16–18 G, connected to tubing and a collection container. Sample tubes: an EDTA tube for the cell…

…a gradient or PaO₂/FiO₂ Arterial blood gas COHb or MetHb Arterial or venous sample with co oximetry Follow up of pH in, for example…

…lower than for office measurement. Classification of office blood pressure Category Systolic Diastolic : : : : : Optimal < 120 and < 80 Normal 120–129 and/or 80…

…significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage meeting the criteria for activation of the massive transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Clinical Context Blood pressure management in older adults must account for chronological age, biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional…

…oscillometric measurement becomes unreliable), lymphoedema or a dialysis fistula in both arms, an arm circumference too large for the available cuffs, and in a patient…

…a peripheral venous cannula. 4. Measure the blood pressure in both arms at the first assessment, particularly in chest pain, back pain or suspected acute…

…rate response Blood pressure reaction ECG reaction: ST changes, T wave changes, arrhythmias, conduction defects Cause of termination This article will discuss each of these…