…QRS complexes vary from one beat to another (in the same lead). This is due to the swinging back and forth of the heart in…

…Rheumatoid arthritis RA is associated with increased carotid intima–media thickness, early plaque formation and coronary microvascular dysfunction. Women with RA were reported to have…

…Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute…

…slightest suspicion of septic arthritis. If the picture is unclear — aspirate, send a culture, await the result and inject later. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in…

…or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint prosthesis in the adjacent joint. Known hypersensitivity to the…

…be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or reduced exercise capacity. Suspected asthma or COPD — diagnosis and follow up…

…cervical collar, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive care patient and totals 12 points: Mallampati III–IV (5 points), obstructive sleep…

…to compression The ankle brachial index measured with Doppler determines whether compression may be applied at all, and if so at what pressure. Palpable foot…

…erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to…

…in an increase in left atrial pressure (LAP), which gradually leads to atrial hypertrophy and dilation. Atrial dilation causes a significantly increased risk of atrial…

…pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardial sac) is difficult to discern from myocarditis (inflammation of the myocardial tissue) and because they tend to accompany each other…

…from other mechanisms. Differential diagnoses and alternative causes of troponin release must therefore be considered throughout assessment. Coronary disease is most commonly related to atheromatous…

…hypertension Endocarditis Myxoma Carcinoid heart disease Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the…

…Danlos syndrome Inflammatory aortitis, including Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis Bicuspid aortic valve Coarctation of the aorta Previous aortic trauma Pregnancy, particularly the third…