…Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather…

…thrombosis and the diagnostic criteria used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled. The temporal relationship to stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial…

…causes, and extracardiac or systemic causes producing myocardial oxygen supply–demand imbalance. Coronary mechanisms Coronary mechanisms include: Plaque rupture or plaque erosion with thrombosis, despite…

…with gastrointestinal and urogenital tumours Marked renal failure Low molecular weight heparin with dose adjustment, or warfarin Subsegmental pulmonary embolism without deep vein thrombosis An…

…refill and venous filling Pulses proximal and distal to the suspected obstruction Arterial and venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic…

…vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an initial high dose phase. Follow FASS (the Swedish medicines compendium) and…

…of peripheral embolism, or an unexplained drop in arterial pressure. Silent or unrecognized infarction occurs more often in patients without antecedent angina and in those…

…clinically silent and discovered during post infarction imaging. When embolization occurs, presentation depends on the vascular territory involved and may include systemic arterial embolic manifestations…

…blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and/or low arterial oxygen saturation Syncope These findings may occur singly or in combination. Syncope is particularly…

…is to scrutinize potential cardiac sources of emboli and to evaluate the carotid and cerebral arteries. Ultrasound may reveal atherosclerotic plaques, thrombi, occlusions, and dissections…

…cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated with asymptomatic disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and…

…g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances, the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably…

…embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered [1]. Do the following early: 1. Assess airway, work of breathing, level of consciousness and…

…Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with…

…is most commonly related to the left atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to…

…that exhibits uniquely low flow velocities during the loss of organized atrial systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in…

…microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism…

…Ischaemic heart disease Atrial arrhythmias Pericardial disease, including constriction Right ventricular dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic…

…observed in adult patients with severe pulmonary stenosis, alongside right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and right atrial enlargement [8]. RAD is present in most cases of…

…causes are pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, septum defects, etc. Right ventricular load is thus an issue that is raised both in outpatient and emergency care…

…from the atrial septum). In 15 20% of cases, the tumor is localized in the right atrium. Myxoma is rare in the valves and ventricles…

Procedurer An arterial line is easy to insert and easy to trust too much. Two errors make the reading useless without anyone noticing: the transducer…

…comorbidity and hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD), rather than relying exclusively on the office pressure value. Blood pressure terminology Systolic blood pressure: the maximum arterial…

…the cardiac cycle. MAP offers a more accurate representation of the average arterial pressure and is a better indicator of organ perfusion. In clinical settings…

…circumflex coronary artery ( LCX ). Figure 1 shows the coronary arteries and their relation to the ECG leads. Note that Figure 1 is a right dominant…

…and the operating theatre. Careful electrocardiographic and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal…

…diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO. Minimal chronotropic effect. Increases coronary blood flow. Atrial or ventricular arrhythmias Bradycardia Peripheral (digital) ischemia…

…diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO. Minimal chronotropic effect. Increases coronary blood flow. Atrial or ventricular arrhythmias Bradycardia Peripheral (digital) ischemia…

…potential in ulcers and before deciding the level of amputation. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or modify in: Deep vein thrombosis in the…

…ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation…

…of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Procedurer Definition and Clinical Role Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is a catheter based investigation that visualizes the coronary arterial tree after…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for…

…marked pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative, plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic changes that may result in near total obliteration of affected vessels. Genetic, molecular, and acquired…

…of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases. Pressures in the heart and pulmonary circulation Flow, resistance and oxygen transport Formulas Mean arterial pressure…

…disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation, recurrent coronary occlusion, and stent thrombosis. Aspirin…

…tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen, atherosclerotic plaque, and the severity and distribution of coronary stenosis…

…from ISR. Balloon angioplasty may result in negative remodelling and reparative arterial constriction. A stent provides a rigid scaffold that limits adventitial recoil and constriction;…

…considerations Type 1 Contrast staining of the arterial wall with multiple lumens or radiolucent channels The classic appearance and usually readily recognized Type 2 Long…

…venous and arterial blood gases can be utilized for the analysis of electrolyte levels. Electrocardiography (ECG) serves as a valuable tool for detecting and assessing…

…intrathoracic pressure by compressing, decompressing and ventilating. These maneuvers result in arterial blood flowing through the pulmonary, coronary and cerebral circulation, as well as allowing…

…age, height and ethnicity — not against absolute figures. Since 2022 the z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the…

…cautious and consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the ankle brachial index and…

…Preparation and equipment A pulse oximeter, and the ability to take an arterial blood gas. An oxygen source with a flow meter, and equipment for…

…peripheral cannulae. Consider an arterial line if the patient is unstable or frequent blood gases are needed 3 Blood grouping and cross matching. Order red…

…first trimester under specialist care). Rheumatic mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation. In uncomplicated atrial fibrillation and in ordinary venous thromboembolism, a DOAC is the first…

…selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by…

…selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by…

[calc_qtc] 1 – 15 years, male and female Adult, male Adult, female Normal <440 ms <430 ms <450 ms Upper limit 440–460 ms 430…

…systemic arterial pressure. This renoprotective effect involves a reduction in intraglomerular hyperfiltration and hypertension by disproportionately reducing glomerular efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms…

…deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression…

…Other symptoms depend on the extent of reduction in cardiac output and arterial pressure and may include: Chest discomfort Fatigue Weakness Presyncope or syncope Exercise…

…pathways, including: Coronary arteritis Accelerated atherosclerosis Coronary microvascular dysfunction Pericarditis Myocarditis Valvular disease APS and Behçet disease can cause both arterial and venous thrombosis. In…

…burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities…

…counselling and, where appropriate, molecular testing. The approach is particularly relevant to cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic…

…peripheral arterial disease or aortic disease. Secondary causes, particularly diabetes, thyroid disease, kidney disease, alcohol excess, dietary factors and relevant medications. Cardiovascular risk category and…

…associated genetic variants and coronary artery disease. Associations have also been extended to peripheral arterial disease, ischaemic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and calcific aortic valve…

…associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease…