…receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an LDL C goal below 1.0 mmol/L (<40 mg/dL) may be considered. The cited recommendations describe recurrence…

…intolerance: inability to tolerate any dose of any statin. Partial intolerance: inability to tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient’s LDL C goal…

…g smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia [particularly high LDL cholesterol], etc ) accelerate the atherosclerotic process and increase the number and size of atherosclerotic plaques. Typically, the…

…g smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia [particularly high LDL cholesterol], etc ) accelerate the atherosclerotic process and increase the number and size of atherosclerotic plaques. Typically, the…

Procedurer The donation process begins long before any retrieval: it begins when someone in the intensive care unit identifies a possible donor and the deceased…

Procedurer The single most important step in any eye injury is to measure and document the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second…

…without delay, in any of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and…

…take place with the patient's ongoing consent, and be able to be stopped at any moment. A trauma informed approach also improves the technical…

…complex. Brugada's algorithm If there is no RS complex in any chest lead (V1–V6) a diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia can be made. Otherwise…

…signs of acute organ damage or failure. Any of the drugs listed below may be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action…

…coronary syndromes, particularly ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), ischemic injury can disrupt the conduction system at any level, producing atrioventricular (AV) or intraventricular blocks. Isolated…

…of the Electrical Axis The heart's electrical axis represents the net vectoral sum of all active electrical wavefronts at any given point in time…

…potential occurs. If any component of the ventricular conduction system has not fully repolarized by the time the next impulse reaches the ventricles, the impulse…

…arrest (OHCA), it can be used in any setting until advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) can be initiated by healthcare professionals. The purpose of basic…

…that drive the cells to threshold. Any stimulus driving the membrane potential to threshold will evoke an action potential, which will subsequently propagate to neighboring…

…signs of acute organ damage or failure. Any of the drugs listed below may be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action…

…modern devices are capable of transmitting ECG tracings continuously to cloud based platforms, which enables the clinician to examine intracardiac ECGs at any time. However…

…and physical examination. It is also reasonable to analyze cardiac troponins if there is any probability of myocardial ischemia as the underlying cause. Holter ECG…

…It may be broken, as in Figure 1 . Any type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for pathological R wave…

…which can propagate through vacuum, sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium may consist of any matter, e.g air, water…

…unlikely after 8–10 minutes of no flow (i.e. cardiac arrest without any circulation). These estimates should be viewed as approximations due to the…

…as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of rapid ventricular rate (Table 1). Children and healthy adults may…

…threats, or any situation in which the individual's life is (or perceived as it is) in danger. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is much more common in…

…be suspected? Anaphylaxis is a clinical diagnosis. Treat as anaphylaxis in any of the following: 1. Acute onset of skin or mucosal symptoms , for example…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…second degree or third degree AV block. An escape rhythm may be present in any bradycardia. Bradycardia may be present despite a high atrial rate…

…the emergency situation. Consider alternatives when: Intubation is not consistent with the treatment plan — check any decision to limit treatment when time allows. There is…

…assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms and a low glucose. Do not wait for the venous laboratory result. 1. Assess and stabilise the…

…10 mg/mL without adrenaline for the block (adrenaline is safe in fingers and toes according to modern data, but there is rarely any reason…

…Definition of aortic aneurysm Sinus of Valsalva 45 mm. Any other segment 40 mm in diameter. Thresholds for surgery Threshold for surgery Relevant patient category…

…dependent (3 points) Age ≥75 years: (2 points) Prior Bleeding: History of any prior bleeding (1 point) Hypertension: History of hypertension (1 point) Score 1…

…liver function classified as Child Pugh Class C. Dosage Adults Initial dose : A single loading dose of 60 mg. Maintenance dose : 10 mg once daily…

…or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event. Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any excipient. Active bleeding…

…56886, 56899"] The membership gives you unlimited access without any recurring costs. Purchasing this membership grants you permanent access to the website and there are…

…older V2 to V3 Greater than or equal to 2 mm Women (any age) V2 to V3 Greater than or equal to 1.5 mm…

…with the Fourth Universal Definition published in 2018. A fundamental prerequisite for diagnosing any MI is myocardial injury, defined by an elevated cardiac troponin (cTn…

…coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any potential infarct related artery. MINOCA…

…Taught by professor Smith, any reader is guaranteed to quickly acquire state of the art knowledge and practical training. Professor Smith published a book as…

…of any diagnostic test depends not only on its sensitivity and specificity but also on disease prevalence in the population being tested. A negative result…

…coronary circulation and may involve multiple vessels. Pregnancy associated SCAD can occur at any stage of pregnancy or after delivery, although more than 70% of…

…R bis wave" (R''). Any negative wave occurring after a positive wave is an S wave. Large waves are referred to by their capital letters…

…A Streptococcus ). Rheumatic heart disease can occur at any age and multiple valve lesions are common (typically the aortic and mitral valve). Rheumatic heart disease…

CPR Cardiac arrest is a result of tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia or asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include…

…or in patients with underlying structural heart disease, the arrhythmia may result in symptoms indicative of reduced cardiac output, such as pre syncope or syncope…

…the age of 20 to 55 years. The disorder may manifest with any of the following symptoms: Syncope, pre syncope Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Cardiac…

…Any impulses generated in the ventricles will result in wide QRS complexes because the impulse will spread entirely or partly outside of the conduction system…

…wave No effect QT (QTc) interval QT and QTc interval becomes prolonged. Arrhythmia Disopyramide may provoke or aggravate any ventricular arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia…

…changes. Specific electrolyte disorders 1. Sodium Increased (hypernatremia) and decreased (hyponatremia) sodium levels do not have any effect on the ECG, nor cardiac rhythm, or…

…in some instances, persist for extended durations. As for any long standing tachycardia, there is a risk of developing tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy. In pediatric populations…

…weight × min. Metabolic equivalents are used because the concept offers an easy way of expressing the energy cost of any exercise. The energy cost is…

…failure. The rapid advances in the 1970s and 1980s were followed by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure…

…failure. The rapid advances in the 1970s and 1980s were followed by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure…

…segment elevations and randomized them to urgent angiography. These trials did not show any benefit of urgent angiography. ST elevation in acute transmural myocardial ischemia…

…to the fact that the left ventricle pumps against greater resistance and any disturbance in ventricular activation will reduce the efficiency of the pumping function…

…branch blocks and alter their appearance. Some patients develop nonspecific intraventricular conduction defects without any change in their QRS appearance. Such conduction delays may be…

…When performing emergency echocardiography, or any examination without a proper examination table, it may be difficult to acquire images in the left lateral decubitus position…

…that the atrioventricular node does, and this means that any impulse reaching the accessory pathways may travel directly to the ventricles without any delay. Hence…

…starts discharging. Less than 3 consecutive beats (or from a latent pacemaker (or any other ectopic focus) are referred to as escape beats. Three or…

…the previous articles. Hence, sinus node dysfunction may manifest with any of the four abovementioned conditions. The majority of patients will experience symptoms, although some…

…and ≥1 mm in all other leads. • Women (any age): ≥1,5 mm in V2 V3 and ≥1 mm in all other leads. • Men & women…