…ABI. With a normal or borderline resting ABI but typical claudication, the ankle pressure is measured immediately after treadmill walking or after repeated heel raises…

…and atypical disease Fewer than half of patients with PAD have typical symptoms. Many have impaired walking or a slow gait without describing classic claudication…

…or absent May be palpable despite ischaemia ABI 0.9 < 0.9 Often falsely high Contraindications to compression The ankle brachial index measured with…

…consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the ankle brachial index and the foot…

…waves. The transducer is held with one hand and its position and angle are adjusted to send ultrasound waves through structures to be visualized. Ultrasound…

…cardiac arrest in a pregnant individual, either within or outside the hospital, prompt communication with an obstetrician and neonatologist is critical. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should…

…the skin with a small amount of lidocaine without adrenaline (epinephrine). 3. Puncture 1–2 cm proximal to the wrist crease at an angle of…

…the patient must leave with clear information about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to be…

…mL per 3–5 seconds. 7. Withdraw the needle at the same angle and press with a dry swab. Do not massage. Intramuscular — ventrogluteal The…

…produce demonstrable ischaemia. Functional assessment with pressure or flow measurements, intravascular imaging, or fractional flow reserve derived from computed tomography can refine interpretation. Coronary plaque…

…involving the origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), coronary fistulae, and myocardial…

…Gallstone causing acoustic shadowing. Reverberations artifacts Ultrasound waves can be reflected multiple times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection…

…reflect sound waves with reduced frequency (Figure 3). Figure 3. Doppler effect occurs when reflectors (structures reflecting sound waves) move towards or away from the…

…equations, which are based on hemodynamic principles. It is fundamental to be familiar with these principles in order to fully understand echocardiography. In clinical practice…

Echocardiography Hemodynamic calculations with PISA (Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area) PISA (Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area) is a phenomenon that occurs when liquid flows through a circular…

…ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia ST segment elevations with straight (horizontal, upsloping, or downsloping) or convex ST segment strongly suggest acute transmural ischemia …

…using an electronic caliper, with the tips positioned at the interface between the compacted myocardium and the noncompacted myocardium (i.e trabeculae). The compacted myocardium…

…energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another. Blood flowing through the heart and…