…sclerosis, HIV infection, cirrhosis, and sickle cell disease. The classification also recognizes vasoreactivity subgroups among patients with idiopathic PAH, including acute responders and non responders…

…infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cardiac troponin with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper…

…myocardial ischaemia caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction…

…ulcer bleeding are managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the differential diagnosis includes oesophagitis…

…failure where high flow nasal oxygen is insufficient and the carbon dioxide is normal. Bilevel NIV: Acute exacerbation of COPD with respiratory acidosis , that is…

…medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes…

…for interpretation of ischemia. All available ECG criteria for acute myocardial infarction and ischemia are based on conventional 12 lead ECG. Established ECG criteria do…

…pathological Q waves may be used to diagnose myocardial ischemia and infarction. Symptoms – Patients with acute myocardial infarction may present with typical ischemic chest pain…

…ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), and ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)…

…et al, Twerenbold et al) Kinetics Troponin T (cTnT) and troponin I (cTnI) increase 2 3 hours after the onset of acute myocardial infarction. The…

Emergency medicine Lathundar Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome…

…evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings, cardiac biomarkers, imaging, angiography, and, occasionally, pathological examination. Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia…

…surgery 80 g/L Acute coronary syndrome 80 g/L; a higher threshold may be considered individually in ongoing ischaemia Upper gastrointestinal bleeding that has…

…Orders of magnitude that direct the work up ALT 50 × the upper limit of normal: paracetamol poisoning, ischaemic hepatitis ("shock liver") or acute viral hepatitis…

…at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). The injury is considered acute if there is a documented rise and/or…

…both: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rising and/or falling troponin pattern with at least one value above the assay specific 99th percentile upper…

…Management : : : Medial triangle of the face (nasal root, alae nasi, upper lip) Venous drainage towards the cavernous sinus Surgeon or ENT; often antibiotics Palm, fingers…

…An ABI ≤ 0.90 is diagnostic of peripheral arterial disease and at the same time indicates a substantially increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke…

…no conversation Cuff width ≥ 40% of the upper arm circumference — a cuff that is too narrow gives a falsely high reading The cuff at heart…

…8. Tonometry if acute glaucoma is suspected (normal 10–21 mmHg). Tonometry is contraindicated with suspected perforation or infection. Removal Proceed from the least to…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the…

…troponin is already elevated, as occurs during acute MI. If the preprocedural concentration is above the 99th percentile upper reference limit, it must be stable…

…unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Note that unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction are categorized under acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection…

…Causes of sinoatrial (SA) block The following conditions cause sinoatrial block: Sinus node dysfunction (SND) Perimyocarditis Acute myocardial infarction (or ischemia) Drug side effects (procainamide…

…course (no more than 7 days) may be given to selected patients with an eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary tract infection…

…thrombosis, fever, acute starvation, and dieting. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for drug induced arrhythmias in patients receiving agents known to alter…

…Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant interacting medications…

…NSTE ACS results in one of the following diagnoses: Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI, non STEMI) , if troponin levels are above the upper threshold…

…NSTE ACS results in one of the following diagnoses: Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI, non STEMI) , if troponin levels are above the upper threshold…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable…

…airflow obstruction pH below 7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal…

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

…of breathing, level of consciousness and PEF improve at the same time. Acute severe asthma is characterised by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar About this quick reference This is a practical quick reference for emergency physicians in suspected acute ischaemic stroke. It covers time windows…

…Acute or subacute onset, continuous dizziness lasting hours to days, often with nausea, nystagmus, motion intolerance and difficulty walking Vestibular neuritis, cerebellar or brainstem infarction…

…abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute chest and/or back pain is the predominant symptom of both IMH and PAU. PAU pain may…

…separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute, when serial…

…and evidence of hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Posterior (posterolateral) acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the…

…it further. Starting doses in acute pain in an opioid naive adult Agent Route Starting dose Comment : : : : Morphine IV 2.5–5 mg, repeated after…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

…causally responsible. This distinction is important because AKI after a contrast study frequently occurs in patients with several simultaneous renal insults. Infection, hypovolaemia, cardiac dysfunction…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…STE ACS (ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) & STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Acute coronary syndromes with significant ST segment elevations are classified as STE ACS…

…be counteracted with simultaneous administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g. arterial line…

…be studied in detail. Figure 2. The electrocardiographic natural course in STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction). Pitfalls Acute transmural ischemia located in the basal portio

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key message The distinction that determines management is: is there acute hypertension mediated organ damage or not? A single blood pressure value…

…primary PCI is indicated in patients with symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction and at least one of the following criteria present: haemodynamic instability or…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology In acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD), revascularization may be directed exclusively at the…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is the combined use of aspirin and an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and conceptual framework Acute coronary occlusion is the abrupt or progressive reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce…

…is slightly simplified. In reality, the course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is modified by several factors. The most important of these, and their implications…

…A patient with acute STEMI may therefore display a normal LBBB pattern. LBBB may be caused by ischemia/infarction : There are numerous causes of LBBB…

Indications Acute myocardial infarction. Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA…

Procedurer In acute circulatory failure it is not the number of cannulae that matters but the flow per unit time . A large bore, short cannula…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG in acute myocardial ischemia: ischemic ST segment & T wave changes This chapter discusses typical and atypical changes in the…

…Management of acute bradycardia in the emergency setting. Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements…

…ventricular cavity. The location of acute myocardial infarction refers to the area of the left ventricle When specifying the location of myocardial infarction, reference is…