The 3-phase model of sudden cardiac arrest
The course from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) to death follows a pathophysiological process that affects the effectiveness of the interventions. Numerous studies demonstrate that the…
Archives: Chapters
The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
The forces that drive coronary and cerebral perfusion, and ventilation of the lungs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of…
Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes
Troponin is a protein complex expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The complex consists of troponin I (TnI), troponin C (TnC) and troponin T (TnT),…
Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, Management
Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris, has…
Hypertension: Causes, investigations, complications & treatment
Hypertension is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The individual and public health effects of hypertension are devastating. Due to the simplicity of…
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
Pulmonary embolism occurs when venous thrombi embolize to the pulmonary artery or its branches. In the majority of cases, the thrombus is formed in the…
Heart failure: Causes, types, diagnosis, treatments & management
Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced…
The Coronary Arteries
Coronary arteries and arterial territories The two main coronary arteries emanate from the aortic bulb (Figure 1): The right coronary artery (RCA) originates on the…
Regional Myocardial Contractile Function: Wall Motion Abnormalities
Echocardiographic assessment of regional contractile function Systolic ventricular function is one of the strongest predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality. Previous chapters have discussed several…
Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction
Pacemaker malfunction, troubleshooting and ECG Conventional surface ECG can reveal the following types of pacemaker dysfunction: Failure to capture (FTC), which means that the pacemaker…
