…injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more…

…60% of cases. These disruptions may initiate or complicate the haematoma. IMH most frequently involves the descending thoracic aorta, which is affected in approximately 60…

…contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction…

…and because of cost. Evidence in acute coronary syndromes and recent myocardial infarction COLCOT The COLCOT trial enrolled 4745 patients within 30 days of myocardial…

…Historically viewed as a simple plumbing problem characterized by the gradual accumulation of inert cholesterol debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic…

…remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and vascular disease in older adults. Geriatric syndromes further modify cardiovascular risk and treatment response…

…defined. Proposed contributors include hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes, and serotonin. In patients with CAD…

…coronary syndromes. Moreover, clinicians must clarify whether the ECG was recorded during chest pain, since an ECG without signs of ischemia during chest pain in…

…on the vascular territory involved and may include systemic arterial embolic manifestations. The source material does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific embolic syndromes…

…in patients with CVD. The clinical consequences of diabetes may present through any major cardiovascular phenotype: CAD, including chronic coronary syndromes and acute coronary syndromes…

…associated with fewer vascular and bleeding complications than femoral access. In patients with acute coronary syndrome, randomized evidence has demonstrated lower rates of access site…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and…

…of obstructive CAD on ICA should therefore not automatically be interpreted as evidence that the patient’s symptoms are non cardiac. In acute coronary syndrome…

…failure and occurs in more than 90% of patients presenting with the syndrome. Its severity and temporal pattern vary considerably. Symptoms of systemic venous congestion…

…or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary…

…of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular…

…vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In…

…age related vascular stiffening, and distinct microvascular responses to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases…

…In acute PE, obstruction of pulmonary blood flow increases RV pressure load and may impair RV filling and forward output. The resulting syndrome may progress…

…higher than in individuals without comparable renal impairment. The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease…

…through formation of an intramural haematoma that compresses the true lumen. The resulting reduction in coronary blood flow may produce myocardial ischaemia, acute coronary syndrome …

…excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and/or…

…acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction, and repeat target lesion revascularization. Restenosis after balloon angioplasty differs mechanistically from ISR. Balloon angioplasty may result in negative…

…presentation of multivessel CAD varies from stable angina or exertional limitation to acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure or cardiogenic shock. In chronic…

…cardiac examination, ECG, selective vascular imaging Traumatic or toxic syndrome Onset after trauma, a change in medication or an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection…

…three to six months during ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of new or increasing pain. Preparation and equipment Doppler for the ankle…

…Consequently, the absence of AF during intermittent monitoring is not sufficient evidence that thromboembolic risk is low. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome, AF…

…of myocardial involvement. Estimate major adverse cardiovascular event risk. Quantify myocardial blood flow when PET is used. SPECT is recommended in suspected chronic coronary syndrome…

…platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation…

…can affect the blood pressure in several ways. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors can cause a hypertensive crisis through interactions, while venlafaxine and higher doses of bupropion…

…Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia. It includes patients with recent changes in symptoms or…

…heart failure, cardiomyopathy or valvular heart disease. In these populations, one of the strongest predictors of sudden cardiac death is left ventricular function. Individuals with…

…clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements, or can do so only at the expense of…

…uncomplicated acute coronary syndrome when LVEF is 40% is not definitive. Observational studies have yielded conflicting results, and the appropriate duration of therapy in p

…valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure. There are six main types of cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM…

…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

…tachyarrhythmias, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular heart disease. In patients with ANOCA/INOCA, symptoms may persist despite non obstructive coronary anatomy. Such patients require…

…kallikrein and serotonin. In the heart, this can lead to thickening of the pulmonary valve and, subsequently, narrowing of the valvular orifice. Carcinoid heart disease…

…highly heterogeneous group of disorders. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive causes are excluded. However, advances in molecular diagnostics…

…Sjögren syndrome, SLE and APS. Some patient groups have a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general…

…myocarditis, or takotsubo syndrome, while chronic myocardial injury may be seen in heart failure, cardiomyopathies, and severe valvular heart disease. Type 2 MI and non…

…low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases. Pressures in the heart and pulmonary circulation Flow, resistance…

…the risk of thromboembolism (stroke, TIA, systemic thromboembolism) in the next 12 months and the calculations apply to untreated patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation…

…and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment…

…6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects…

…be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is…

…Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…risk of cardiovascular death. Bilateral arm blood pressure measurement is therefore recommended in the vascular assessment. A carotid bruit is an important marker of cardiovascular…

…decisive. The pathophysiology reflects failure of vascular autoregulation during a rapid or severe rise in BP. This may produce acute injury in the brain, retina…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…disease from pulmonary vascular disease. Although a PAWP of 12 mmHg represents the upper limit of normal in some assessments, a threshold of ≤15 mmHg…

…Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow up after vascular surgery or endovascular intervention. Assessment of healing potential in ulcers and before deciding…

…as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to the hand. Vascular disease in the limb…

…with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime value; an independent risk marker…

…in vascular smooth muscle. Activation results in vasodilatation. D1 and D2 (dopamine receptors): activation of D1 and D2 in the kidneys and the splanchnic vascular…

…Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the arm is held in slight abduction and external rotation…

Procedurer The result of a repair is determined before the first needle goes in. A wound that has not been irrigated clean, has not been…

…Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells…

…alterations in heart rate, stroke volume, or vascular tone can significantly impact MAP, reflecting the dynamic interplay between cardiac function and vascular resistance. Advantages of…