…or increase aortic wall stress. Relevant associations include: Systemic hypertension Marfan syndrome Loeys–Dietz syndrome Ehlers–Danlos syndrome Inflammatory aortitis, including Takayasu arteritis and giant…

…Inherited connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. FMD may be clinically occult and can affect multiple vascular territories, including the renal…

…Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1…

…preferred for coronary angiography and PCI because it is associated with fewer vascular and bleeding complications than femoral access. In patients with acute coronary syndrome…

…tomography (OCT) provide cross sectional information about plaque morphology and may clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome or guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)…

…another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases…

…Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex category (female) Calculate Score CHA2DS2…

…and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is rapid and may cause reflex sympathetic stimulation, including tachycardia…

…channel blocker (CCB). Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…It forms part of multisite artery disease, defined as atherosclerosis affecting at least two vascular beds. Carotid disease therefore commonly coexists with coronary artery disease…

…coronary syndromes have important inflammatory components. Inflammation contributes to atherothrombosis through activation of innate immune pathways, cytokine signalling and recruitment of inflammatory cells to vascular…

…vascular autoregulation during a rapid or severe rise in BP. This may produce acute injury in the brain, retina, heart, aorta, kidneys, or other vascular…

…pharmacodynamic mechanisms. These drugs are broadly utilised to augment myocardial contractility, manipulate systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, and restore adequate end organ perfusion. Dobutamine is…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise from pulmonary vascular disease, left sided cardiac disease…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow up after vascular surgery or endovascular intervention. Assessment of healing potential in ulcers and before deciding…

…cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure…

…level Measure in both arms at the first visit; a difference 15 mmHg suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used…

…in vascular smooth muscle. Activation results in vasodilatation. D1 and D2 (dopamine receptors): activation of D1 and D2 in the kidneys and the splanchnic vascular…

…surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and of vascular injury…

…contaminated wounds where a long time has passed since the injury (see below). Be particularly cautious with impaired healing: peripheral vascular disease, diabetes with neuropathy…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…Hemodynamic determinants of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO…

…Unprotected Left Main Disease : Increases complexity and risk. Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) : Indicates systemic atherosclerosis. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) : Associated with higher perioperative risk…

…phlegmasia cerulea dolens, ergotism, hypercoagulable states or iatrogenic vascular injury. Acute occlusion may also occur in an artery with established collateral circulation, particularly an occluded…

…The resulting syndrome may progress to systemic congestion, reduced cardiac output, haemodynamic collapse, and death. The clinical consequences are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction…

…disease, or peripheral artery disease. Secondary prevention concerns patients with established vascular disease, in whom aspirin has a substantially more favourable benefit–risk profile. Aspirin…

…fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and is also a common tachyarrhythmia requiring treatment in decompensated…

…therapy 18% Fixed dose combination with ezetimibe 38% Pooled analyses across different background therapies 17%–25% In patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia…

…remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and vascular disease in older adults. Geriatric syndromes further modify cardiovascular risk and treatment response…

…chambers, blood pool, and vascular structures is limited. CCTA has become an important first line investigation for selected patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…activation and vascular and renal abnormalities contribute to sodium and water retention. The interaction between cardiac and renal dysfunction is particularly important. Cardiorenal syndrome may…

…hyperplasia following vessel wall injury. PCI and stent implantation produce local vascular injury and initiate a sustained inflammatory and reparative response. Proliferation and accumulation of…

…sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction from beta blockers is that it lowers heart rate without directly reducing myocardial contractility or altering vascular tone. Accordingly…

…one in five individuals. Pathophysiology Lp(a) is associated with several interrelated pathological processes: accelerated atherogenesis; vascular inflammation; progression of calcific aortic stenosis; enhancement of…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and…

…inflammatory cytokines, and vasoconstricting mediators, producing abnormal vascular responses and potentially increasing the future risk of obstructive coronary disease. ANOCA/INOCA is heterogeneous. Potential mechanisms…

…As mentioned above, posterior myocardial infarction may be accompanied by inferior infarction if the occlusion affects both vascular territories. This will result in ST segment…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…not universal, however. Delayed recognition may permit vascular remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis…

…In chronic coronary syndrome, cessation has been associated with a 36% reduction in premature mortality compared with continued smoking. Cessation also improves vascular health and…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a spectrum of clinical conditions characterized by a recent change in symptoms…

…older age, vascular disease and renal dysfunction. The commonly used CHA2DS2 VASc score incorporates the following variables: Risk factor Points Congestive heart failure 1 Hypertension…

…principles as in patients without diabetes. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms T2DM may be clinically silent while vascular disease progresses. Many patients presenting with CVD have…

…flow limitation. The mechanisms are incompletely defined. Proposed contributors include hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes…

…because longstanding ischemia causes the myocardium to secrete growth factors (particularly VEGF [vascular endothelial growth factor]) which stimulate nearby arteries to grow new vessels into…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…atria, ventricles and the heart valves. Similar to vascular endothelium, the endocardium contains an underlying basement membrane and a small layer of loose connective tissue…

…dipyridamole, regadenoson) These agents exert vasodilatory effects, increasing coronary blood flow by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. They are contraindicated in patients with bronchospastic lung disease…

…to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the…

…to ischemia/infarction in the conduction system, one must be familiar with the vascular supply to these components. Figure 1 presents all relevant parts of…

…from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Cardiovascular collapse : Sudden cessation of tissue perfusion as a result of cardiac or vascular condition. May reverse spontaneously (e.g…

…compartments Orthopaedic surgeon Close to large vessels, in the groin or on the neck Bleeding, vascular injury, pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue…

…acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset, a late time window…

…hearing, cardiac examination, ECG, selective vascular imaging Traumatic or toxic syndrome Onset after trauma, a change in medication or an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury…

…pressure in both arms at the first assessment, particularly in chest pain, back pain or suspected acute aortic syndrome. 5. Use the correct cuff size…