…this setting, venous congestion is generally treated initially with diuretics, whereas norepinephrine and/or inotropes are reserved for low output and hemodynamic instability. Evaluation and…

…a tendon injury, or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture…

…for example hypoglycaemia, poisoning, stroke, meningitis and a postictal state. 3. Check a repeat plasma sodium if the result is unexpected or does not fit…

…is generally sufficient for the assessment of pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or an exact assessment…

…be administered with or without food. For patients who cannot swallow the tablets whole, they can be crushed, mixed in half a glass of water…

…vaccination. Relative: Lymphoedema or previous axillary clearance on the same side. A paretic limb — poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation…

…Drainage material: rubber dam drain, a strip cut from a glove, petrolatum impregnated packing strip or a vessel loop for loop drainage. Gauze, absorbent dressing…

All patients with NSTE ACS (NSTEMI or unstable angina) are treated similarly with respect to anti ischemic and anti thrombotic drugs. Management must, however, be…

…blood blister) is to be expected, that the area will be red and weeping for a week or so, and that hypopigmentation may be permanent…

…of microvascular obstruction and the territory supplied by the treated vessel. Possible manifestations include: Persistent or recurrent myocardial ischemia Deterioration in ventricular function Hemodynamic instability…

…or hyperkalaemic ECG changes at any level Immediate emergency treatment, continuous ECG monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious…

…often appropriate when very rapid or precise control is required, for example in acute aortic syndrome, marked neurological organ damage, or treatment with sodium nitroprusside…

…cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]. A hypertensive emergency means a markedly…

…pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with CAR T cells or other advanced immunotherapies may require separate local protocols. Definition…

…in ACS patients treated with PCI can increase the risk of thrombosis, myocardial infarction, or death. Treatment for up to 12 months is recommended unless…

…or cardiovascular death. In the cited evidence, this corresponded to 36 fewer events per 1000 treated patients. Aspirin for long term secondary prevention Standard role…

…frailty, and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic treatment. Whether the patient is suitable for PCI, CABG, or an initial medical strategy. In haemodynamically unstable patients, evaluation…

…principally by neointimal hyperplasia. Contemporary DES combine a metallic scaffold, a polymeric or polymer free drug delivery system, and an antiproliferative agent. Their development has…

…Incomplete lesion preparation Persistent stenosis within the treated segment Mechanical factors are particularly important because correction of the underlying problem is necessary for durable treatment…

…Rheumatic heart disease is rare in high income countries, presumably because streptococcal infections are treated very liberally. Figure 1 shows the aortic valve in PSAX…

…be treated to save 1. Number Needed to Treat (NNT) Basic life support (BLS) includes rapid recognition and treatment of life threatening conditions or injuries…

CPR Data sources for monitoring cardiac arrest and resuscitation There are currently several large registries monitoring resuscitation practices. Some data sources also monitor sudden cardiac…

…cardiac output, which postpones or mitigates cerebral injuries. No flow time and low flow time are critical parameters for determining the probability of survival. No…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

…to address the need for a standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary…

…release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute, when serial troponin values show a dynamic change, or chronic…

…early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is commonly associated with structural and functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease…

…involving the origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), coronary fistulae, and myocardial…

…reliably exclude clinically important differences in ischemic events or stent thrombosis. Stable coronary disease and elective PCI For chronic coronary syndromes treated with elective PCI…

…Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore depend on the vascular territory involved and may include manifestations of coronary, cerebral or…

…Sudden symptoms at rest or with minimal exertion, lasting at least 10 minutes unless promptly treated Severe chest pain, pressure, or discomfort An accelerating pattern…

…arms, or left shoulder. It may occasionally be steady and resemble myocardial ischaemia, creating diagnostic difficulty in a patient recently treated for AMI. Dyspnoea may…

…other coronary branches or vascular beds, propagate through gaps between stent struts, and compromise the treated lumen. Conventional angiography has limited sensitivity for detecting coronary…

…It may predate the coronary event, be detected for the first time, or develop during acute management. AF is often haemodynamically tolerated and may require…

…and determining whether additional interventions or examinations are required. Guidelines for in hospital cardiac arrest recommend that CPR should be started immediately and defibrillation should…

…Besides anticoagulation, atrial fibrillation is treated with rate and/or rhythm control . Rate control implies the use of medications that slow ventricular rate (beta blockers…

…should not develop AV block when treated with beta blockers. Persisting bradycardia AV block AV block Definition Indication for pacing AV block I PR interval…

…when they were treated as acute STEMI cases. Management of left bundle branch block (LBBB) in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) For many years…

…the patient for 24 hours (including ECG monitoring). In all other situations, the underlying condition should be targeted and, if necessary, bradycardia should be treated …

…continue drug therapy. It is very common that patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that aggravate or even cause the bradycardia; in…

…be treated or, when no cause can be found, establishing a diagnosis of inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Although there are no evidence based treatments for inappropriate…

…more difficult, which explains why individuals with bundle branch blocks are treated sub optimally (in terms of evidence based medications and use of PCI), as…

…return is particularly important to assess in patients treated with thrombolysis, because reperfusion may be inadequate and/or transient with thrombolysis therapy (PCI is superior…

…chest compressions. Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic cardiac arrests. In the absence of evident hemorrhage, potential…

…of ventricular fibrillation Ventricular fibrillation is treated according to the resuscitation algorithm. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death For details regarding sudden cardiac arrest and…