…reaction 0.37 Haemodynamic complications 0.26 Cardiac chamber perforation 0.03 Other complications 0.28 Total major complications 1.70 In another large diagnostic…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of regional contractile function Systolic ventricular function is one of the strongest predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality. Previous chapters have discussed…

…assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The QT duration represents the total time for depolarization and repolarization. It is measured from the beginning of…

…Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published an article titled Hearts too good to die (JAMA, 1961). A total of 500 cases of fatal…

…affects cardiovascular and total mortality. Left bundle branch block is more common in individuals with structural and ischemic heart disease. Assessment of ischemia on ECG…

…the end of the T wave. This interval represents the total time taken to depolarize and repolarize the ventricles ( Figure 1 ). The length of the…

…two occasions establishes a diagnosis of diabetes HbA1c < 42 mmol/mol 42–47 = prediabetes; ≥ 48 = diabetes Total cholesterol < 5.0 mmol…

…whom total brain infarction is not expected to occur within a reasonable time, and in whom death is judged likely within 180 minutes of treatment…

…total osmolality but not in the effective osmolality, because urea crosses cell membranes relatively freely and therefore does not produce the same sustained shift of…

…The bolus can be repeated, usually up to a total of three boluses, if severe symptoms persist and the initial rise is insufficient [3,6…

…TLC Total lung capacity, which requires body plethysmography DLCO Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide An obstructive pattern: FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal…

…at BMI levels of 23 kg/m 2 or higher. Body surface area (BSA) Body Surface Area is the total surface area of the body…

…20 mg IV bolus over 2 minutes, followed by 20 to 80 mg every 10 minutes to a total dose of 300 mg. Infusion regime : •…

…decreases total peripheral resistance, decreases systemic blood pressure, and decreases afterload. Nicardipine has antianginal and antihypertensive effects. Time to onset of action 5 to 15…

…One of the earliest and most widely used correction methods, Bazett’s formula calculates QTc by dividing the QT interval by the square root of…

…disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus…

…the probability of an acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular event increases. Non HDL Cholesterol Non HDL C is calculated as: Non HDL C = total cholesterol − HDL…

…angiography and subsequent revascularization may be undertaken early, delayed, or selectively after initial medical treatment. The presence of ST segment changes or a positive troponin…

…include: Total Agatston score Calcium score in each coronary vessel Age , sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected score for a person of…

…is calculated as: Non HDL C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration of circulating atherogenic particles because each apoB containing…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…despite escalation of antianginal medical therapy, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion…

…Most out of hospital deaths occur early and are commonly related to ventricular fibrillation. More than half of deaths attributable to ventricular fibrillation occur during…

…of pontine neurons. Acute Hyponatremia (<48 hours duration): Rapid correction is preferred. An increase of 1 2 mEq/L per hour for a total of…

…of treated cardiac arrests outside hospitals (OHCA) is about 70 cases per 100,000 person years in Europe ( EuReCA One, Benjamin et al ). A total…

…episodes of more severe myocardial ischemia. Collateral circulation may be very effective in reducing ischemia. Indeed, it may be so efficient that a total occlusion…

…management of cardiac arrest. Recurrent VT or VF after ROSC in a patient with a coronary risk profile should lead to consideration to perform early…

…strongly with total and cardiovascular mortality ( Curtis et al ). Among patients with coronary heart disease, left ventricular function is actually a stronger predictor of death…

…05 (mass total – mass cavity ) LV = left ventricle; 1.05 = mycoardial mass constant. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) A diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy…

…Bernoulli principle is based on the law of conservation of energy , which states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time…

…more or less completed. Post ischemic T wave inversions emerge at the earliest 4–6 hours after an episode of ischemia/infarction, but no later…

…if the total expected time is 120 minutes or less If PCI cannot be performed within 120 minutes Fibrinolysis within 10 minutes of the diagnosis…

…conceal sarcopenia), in oedema and ascites, and in people under 18 years of age, where iso BMI or percentile charts should be used. Waist circumference…

… nasal masks and total face masks are alternatives in intolerance. A hydrocolloid dressing for the bridge of the nose applied before the mask goes on…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…Sedation precedes respiratory depression and is the early warning sign. Choice of agent Situation Choice Reason : : : An opioid naive adult with normal renal function Morphine…

…all opioids Obesity Dose according to effect, not according to total body weight Concomitant benzodiazepine A markedly increased risk of respiratory depression. Avoid the combination…

…coach actively, and do not accept a trace you would not be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or…

…bradycardia Atropine is given in doses of 0.5–1 mg intravenously, repeated every three to five minutes to a total maximum of 3 mg …

…point) The total score ranges from 0 to 9, with higher scores indicating an increased risk of stroke (Table 1). Interpretation of the CHA₂DS₂ VA…

…decreases total peripheral resistance, decreases systemic blood pressure, and decreases afterload. Nicardipine has antianginal and antihypertensive effects. Time to onset of action 5 to 15…

…are rarely useful, as myocardial concentration—which correlates best with total cumulative dose—may be a better predictor of long term tolerability. Hemodynamic Effects Amiodarone…

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Infectious diseases Cardiovascular effects of COVID 19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health…

…exercise. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery is less frequent but is considered more malignant than anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. High…

…pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative, plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic changes that may result in near total obliteration of affected vessels. Genetic, molecular, and acquired factors…

…and asymmetric T waves. These must be differentiated from hyperacute T waves seen in the very early phase of myocardial ischemia. Hyperacute T waves are…

…of individuals (n=2670) (n=1999) (n=1300 1062) (n=1062) (n=765) (n=187) Pre Hospital ROSC (%) 17.3 7.2 1.7 3.4 3.7 2.1 Total…

…decreases total peripheral resistance, decreases systemic blood pressure, and decreases afterload. Nicardipine has antianginal and antihypertensive effects. Time to onset of action 5 to 15…

…creates three circular sections of the left ventricle named basal , mid cavity , and apical . These three parts are divided into a total of 17 segments …

…depolarized) earlier than expected, which is referred to as pre excitation . This manifests with three features on the ECG and the combination of these features…

…1.3 mL/min/g of myocardial tissue During hyperemia (maximum stress): Approximately 3.58 ± 1.14 mL/min/g Total hyperemic flow for the…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of an emergency intubation is rarely the laryngoscopy itself but what was done before it: how well the patient was…