…more malignant than anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. High risk anatomical features include: An interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery A…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of regional contractile function Systolic ventricular function is one of the strongest predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality. Previous chapters have discussed…

…of the QT interval (QT duration). The QT duration represents the total time for depolarization and repolarization. It is measured from the beginning of the…

…1961). A total of 500 cases of fatal myocardial infarction were examined. The authors reported that 60–70% of all cases had no myocardial disease…

…to right bundle branch block, left bundle branch block is always a pathological finding that affects cardiovascular and total mortality. Left bundle branch block is…

…end of the T wave. This interval represents the total time taken to depolarize and repolarize the ventricles ( Figure 1 ). The length of the QT…

…the diagnosis is based on HbA1c. Albumin affects the total calcium — use the ionised calcium or correct for albumin. Biotin supplements interfere with many immunoassays…

…treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain injury in whom total brain infarction is judged possible during ongoing ventilation (DBD)…

…18 mmol/L Venous pH ≥ 7.3 and bicarbonate ≥ 15 mmol/L Hyperosmolality Not required Effective osmolality 300 mosm/kg or total osmolality 320 mosm…

…of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water. In hypotonic hyponatraemia…

…FVC Forced vital capacity FEV₁/FVC The ratio that defines obstruction PEF Peak expiratory flow — variability rather than the absolute value TLC Total lung capacity…

…total cholesterol and triglycerides) Atrial fibrillation BMI categories The World Health Organization defines BMI categories as follows: Underweight : Less than 18.5 Normal weight : 18…

…20 mg IV bolus over 2 minutes, followed by 20 to 80 mg every 10 minutes to a total dose of 300 mg. Infusion regime : •…

…venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, decreases total peripheral resistance, decreases systemic blood pressure, and decreases afterload…

…depolarization and the end of ventricular repolarization. It reflects the total time the ventricles take to de and repolarize. Abnormalities in the QT interval can…

…such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus presence. These factors are weighted and summed to produce a total score, which stratifies patients…

…Non HDL Cholesterol Non HDL C is calculated as: Non HDL C = total cholesterol − HDL C It represents the cholesterol contained in all apoB…

…The chronic total occlusion is an important predictor of incomplete anatomical revascularization with PCI. PCI of chronic total occlusion lesions may improve angina and quality…

…37 Haemodynamic complications 0.26 Cardiac chamber perforation 0.03 Other complications 0.28 Total major complications 1.70 In another large diagnostic catheterization analysis…

…plaque and can assess stenosis. A major limitation is that CAC does not measure total plaque burden or stenosis severity directly. A patient may have…

…It is calculated as: Non HDL C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration of circulating atherogenic particles because each apoB…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…CABG), or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA)…

…myocardial territory and limitation of infarct size. The extent of myocardial injury is strongly influenced by total ischaemic time. This interval includes: The time from…

…etiologies when promptly and appropriately addressed. Both venous and arterial blood gases can be utilized for the analysis of electrolyte levels. Electrocardiography (ECG) serves as…

…Benjamin et al ). A total of 292,000 cases of IHCA occur annually in the United States, resulting in an incidence of 7 IHCAs per…

…collaterals, it may survive for 60 minutes in the case of a total occlusion or 5 hours in the case of a partial occlusion. Coronary…

…the chapter ST elevations in ischemia and differential diagnoses. In cardiac arrest caused by acute total occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery (i.e. STEMI)…

…pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors. These factors, which influence cardiac function primarily by affecting ventricular function, include blood pressure, venous return, pulmonary gas exchange efficiency…

…1. Calculation of left ventricular mass. mass LV = 1.05 (mass total – mass cavity ) LV = left ventricle; 1.05 = mycoardial mass constant…

…the law of conservation of energy , which states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time; energy can neither be created…

…of ST segment elevations. If the reperfusion is complete (after a total occlusion) the ST segment is normalized within one hour, and this confirms that…

…primary PCI if the total expected time is 120 minutes or less If PCI cannot be performed within 120 minutes Fibrinolysis within 10 minutes of…

…body weight is used for propofol and rocuronium; actual weight for suxamethonium and for hydrophilic drugs distributed in total body water. Body surface area (Mosteller):…

…pressure and thereby increases ventilation and lowers the carbon dioxide. Pulmonary oedema calls for the former, a COPD exacerbation with carbon dioxide retention for the…

…Uncontrolled symptomatic arrhythmia. Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Decompensated heart failure. Acute pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Acute myocarditis, pericarditis or endocarditis. Acute aortic dissection…

…masks the diagnosis has been disproved — withholding it delays the investigation instead. Preparation and equipment Working venous access and an infusion solution. A pulse oximeter…

…all opioids Obesity Dose according to effect, not according to total body weight Concomitant benzodiazepine A markedly increased risk of respiratory depression. Avoid the combination…

…the eyes. Postpone the test in: Condition Recommended delay : : Myocardial infarction or unstable angina 1 month Pneumothorax 1 month after resolution Pulmonary embolism, until anticoagulated…

…where the pads would go. Transvenous pacing: the relative contraindications are the same as for a central venous catheter — coagulopathy, infection at the puncture site…

…or Thromboembolism history (2 points) V ascular Disease (1 point) A ge 65 74 years (1 point) The total score ranges from 0 to 9…

…resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure (pre load), since it has no effects on the venous capacitance vessels. Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood…

…are rarely useful, as myocardial concentration—which correlates best with total cumulative dose—may be a better predictor of long term tolerability. Hemodynamic Effects Amiodarone…

…COVID 19 relies on small samples of hospitalized patients. Most reports have suggested that comorbidities – e.g. cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, advanced age, smoking, diabetes…

…disease is the most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients…

…Their duration is short; they typically disappear within minutes after a total occlusion in a coronary artery occurs (then of course, the ST segment will…

…conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular…

…resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure (pre load), since it has no effects on the venous capacitance vessels. Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood…

…mid cavity , and apical . These three parts are divided into a total of 17 segments (Figure 1). Six basal segments, constituting 35% of myocardial mass…

…Because the delta wave is included in the QRS duration, the total QRS duration will be prolonged. Individuals with accessory pathways (Kent's bundle) only…

…hyperemia (maximum stress): Approximately 3.58 ± 1.14 mL/min/g Total hyperemic flow for the whole heart: Approximately 670 mL/min Reference values for…

…rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive care patient and totals 12 points: Mallampati III–IV (5 points), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome…