…Patients with previous acute coronary syndromes (ACS) Exercise stress testing is routinely performed after acute myocardial infarction in order to assess the presence of myocardial…

…figure rises dramatically in Southeast Asia, where the condition is historically linked to Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome (SUNDS) [4] . The clinical presentation is notoriously…

…Testing is optional and may be selected according to clinical judgement. Low to moderate probability: greater than 5% to 50% in the chronic coronary syndrome…

…during provocation testing is also reported more frequently in East Asian populations. VA can occur as part of a more generalized vasospastic syndrome with migraine…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

Cardiology Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

ECG Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

Cardiology Definition and terminology Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…

…Definition and pathophysiological context Non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is considered within the spectrum of non ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS)…

…care 70 g/L Known cardiovascular disease, postoperatively after cardiac surgery 80 g/L Acute coronary syndrome 80 g/L; a higher threshold may be…

…Specific diagnostic criteria for cough hypersensitivity syndrome are lacking; the diagnosis is suspected when alternative etiologies are excluded by diagnostic testing or failed therapeutic trials…

…blood flow increases RV pressure load and may impair RV filling and forward output. The resulting syndrome may progress to systemic congestion, reduced cardiac output…

…prediabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and hypertriglyceridaemia. Because triglyceride rich particles contribute additional cholesterol—often approximately 30 mg/dL—non HDL C treatment goals are…

…approximately 20–50%. Their greater analytical sensitivity improves diagnostic accuracy and negative predictive value in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Cardiac troponin is…

…Chronic Coronary Syndrome The decision to perform ICA is based on the clinical likelihood of obstructive CAD, symptoms, findings from non invasive testing and the…

…In patients with suspected or established non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome, stress testing may be considered after at least 24 hours of stabilization…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

…segment depressions represent a benign form of subendocardial ischemia. Refer to Exercise Stress Testing for details. Hyperventilation Hyperventilation causes ST segment depressions very similar to…

…the more pronounced the symptoms. Stable angina pectoris is diagnosed by means of exercise stress testing (exercise ECG). The purpose of the stress test is…

…Thus, the clinical utility of exercise stress testing is immense and the procedure may be used in numerous situations, ranging from health screening to assessment…

ECG Exercise stress test Indications, contraindications and subject preparations for exercise stress testing (exercise ECG) In this article, we will discuss indications, contraindications, and subject…

ECG Exercise stress test Physiological principles of exercise stress testing, myocardial ischemia and ischemic symptoms Understanding the basic principles of exercise physiology is essential to…

…clinical evaluation, cardiac investigations, genetic counselling and, where appropriate, molecular testing. The approach is particularly relevant to cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases…

…Cycle ergometer is preferred in Europe, while treadmill testing is predominant in the United States. Treadmill and cycle ergometer both have their advantages and disadvantages…

…one minute apart, taking the mean of the last two Orthostatic testing after 1 and 3 minutes of standing in older patients, patients with diabetes…

…Cervical cancer screening in Sweden Since 2017, HPV testing has been the primary screening test throughout the country. Cytology is used as a triage test…

…biological agents, adrenaline (second choice) Slower, 20–30 min Intradermal (ID) Tuberculin (PPD), skin prick testing, a local anaesthetic weal, BCG Slow, local effect Contraindications…

…finger, patella, jaw or hip prosthesis. A dislocation with neurovascular compromise or skin tenting — reduce promptly, before radiography. The longer a joint remains dislocated, the…

…Patient characteristics, clinical features, family history and genetic testing are important clues in the investigation. Additional examinations (e.g coronary angiography, cardiac MRI) are frequently…

…maximum) capacity of the left ventricle, as this would require measuring the ejection fraction during submaximal exercise testing. Ejection fraction reserve is the available reserve…

…detail. Symptom during exercise stress testing Perceived exertion The patient's perceived exertion is a way of estimating the intensity of the physical activity. It…

…grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Contraindications for myocardial perfusion imaging Exercise stress testing is contraindicated in patients with acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina…

…sufficient to provoke overt ischemic signs during stress testing (Bourque et al.). Thus, patients who undergo exercise stress testing must achieve at least 85% of…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock. Bradycardia (second line treatment). Stress testing (it increases myocardial oxygen consumption). Usual: 2.0–20 μg/kg/min. Maximum: 40 μ…

…ASCVD develops. The clinical phenotype is driven principally by lifelong LDL C elevation and may be discovered through: Routine lipid testing showing severe hypercholesterolaemia. A…

…other relevant investigations. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Natriuretic peptide testing is particularly useful when symptoms suggest HF but the diagnosis remains uncertain. Acute HF generally…

…at least once in every adult’s lifetime. Testing is particularly relevant in: individuals with premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia or very…

…that symptoms are attributable to the CTO is increased when non invasive testing demonstrates significant inducible ischaemia and preserved viability in the myocardial territory supplied…

…work and independence. Exercise testing can quantify both the time to initial claudication and the maximum tolerated exercise time. Chronic limb threatening ischaemia CLTI occurs…

…diuretic dose. Other clinical contexts Secondary causes should be pursued when abnormalities are identified on initial testing or when particular symptoms or physical findings sug

…g cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cardiac computerized tomography (CT), ergospirometry (exercise stress testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and…

…ischemic area. Moreover, intensive collateral circulation may also prevent ischemia from occurring during exercise stress testing, which leads to false negative stress tests. Studies have…