…Acid–base and electrolytes in intensive care Neurological monitoring Parameter Target Comment : : : Intracranial pressure (ICP) < 22 mmHg The treatment threshold in traumatic brain injury…

…causes & management Definition of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is slower than 50 beats per minute…

…cardiac arrest. Sodium imbalance Neither hyponatremia nor hypernatremia typically cause discernible ECG changes. Hyponatremia Effective management of hyponatremia requires careful identification of its etiology, severity…

…complete work up of the cause or for imaging. 6. Document the starting time, the baseline plasma sodium, the target for the first few hours…

…the substance. Treatment of acute poisoning consists of four parallel components: supportive treatment, a targeted antidote, reduced absorption and, in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For…

…as long as the unconsciousness persists. An awake patient who obeys commands after ROSC needs no targeted temperature management, but must still be kept free…

…IIa C Pre hospital logistics Management Recommendation Level of evidence The pre hospital care of STEMI patients should be organized regionally (including all components from…

…the suspected focus, but avoid sampling that delays antibiotics 6 Take a targeted history and examine the patient, with particular attention to the mouth, throat…

…Early reperfusion, reduction of myocardial energy requirements and mitigation of reperfusion injury are complementary objectives of initial STEMI management. The principal acute complications fall into…

…endotracheal intubation, mechanical chest compressions, targeted temperature management, etc.) and are much less effective in terms of the number needed to treat (NNT). The Number…

…protriptyline, Trimipramine. If a reversible cause of bradycardia is suspected, management should be targeted at that cause. With regards to medications, the clinical need must…

…Rubertsson et al Amiodarone, Lidocaine ACLS Unclear benefit Kudenchuk et al ECMO ACLS No benefit Suverein et al Targeted temperature management ACLS, No benefit Dankiewicz…

…The initial evaluation includes: Targeted medical history Physical examination Vital sign assessment 12 lead ECG Initial hs cTn measurement Continuous cardiac monitoring The source material…

…or family Hypertensive first degree relatives of patients with PA Patients with hypokalaemia may develop weakness, muscle cramps or, in severe cases, periodic paralysis. Nevertheless…

…Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal…

…target in most patients. Doses according to the local protocol and the Swedish medicines compendium (FASS). Rhythm control: the time limit before cardioversion Duration Management…

…risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies cardiovascular and all cause mortality. The excess risk is mediated by the…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key message The distinction that determines management is: is there acute hypertension mediated organ damage or not? A single blood pressure value…

Cardiology Hypertension is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The individual and public health effects of hypertension are devastating. Due to the simplicity…

…high risk of hypoglycaemia 8–12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol Avoid tight targets in inpatients…

…term relationship with cardiovascular risk is therefore graded, although practical clinical care requires diagnostic and treatment thresholds. The 2024 European guideline defines hypertension as an…

…When to Initiate Pharmacological Treatment Lifestyle intervention is an essential component of care. In adults with elevated blood pressure, nonpharmacological management should be actively implemented…

…prompt follow up Main risk of management Overtreatment may impair autoregulation and cause ischemia Acute rapid reduction may cause harm without prognostic benefit Clinical Presentation…

…catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy…

…thrombosis in the target vein. With a mechanical tricuspid prosthesis the lead must not be passed through the valve. The order of management in acute…

…1. Sinoatrial arrest. Also note the ST segment elevations (which in this case have no relation to the sinoatrial arrest). As discussed in Chapter 1…

…by first establishing the time course and precipitating circumstances , and then selecting a targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness…

…secure oxygenation, ventilation and the circulation, 3. identify and treat the precipitating cause, 4. prevent recurrence and secondary brain injury. The doses in the treatment…

…judged certain or highly likely. With possible sepsis without shock, a rapid targeted assessment is made. If the suspicion persists, antibiotics must be given within…

…Consequently, posterior infarction should not be regarded as an isolated electrocardiographic pattern in every case; it may represent the posterior component of a broader infarct…

…is the next step if LDL C targets are not met with statins alone. PCSK9 Inhibitors: Added in cases where LDL C remains above the…

…gas, not by the diagnosis alone. Indications Hypoxaemia: a saturation below the target range, or a PaO2 below 8 kPa on an arterial blood gas…

…low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases. Pressures in the heart and pulmonary circulation Flow, resistance…

…target organ damage should not normally be lowered rapidly with intravenous drugs. Such treatment has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause…

…In contemporary practice, ISR remains the most frequent cause of PCI failure, despite its substantially lower incidence with drug eluting stents (DES) than with bare…

…below the conventional minimum target. Recommended Activity Volume and Intensity For adults, the principal preventive target is: 150–300 minutes per week of moderate intensity…

…pathophysiology Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or…

…to 30 per minute Increased risk of ventilatory failure New drowsiness, confusion or agitation Suspect hypoxaemia or hypercapnia Cyanosis or saturation below target despite oxygen…

…at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status…

…110 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 140 and < 90 Thresholds for different measurement methods Measurement technique Faulty measurement technique is the most common cause of misclassification…

…cost, adherence, pregnancy after the first trimester under specialist care). Rheumatic mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation. In uncomplicated atrial fibrillation and in ordinary venous thromboembolism…

…for the selected treatment to restore flow. Early reperfusion is therefore the central priority of STEMI systems of care. Fibrinolysis promotes thrombus dissolution by converting…

…Choice of method and settings Condition Method Starting pressure Escalation Oxygen target : : : : : Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema CPAP 5–7.5 cmH₂O Increase in steps of 2…

…13.3 kPa (≤ 100 mmHg) See the intensive care parameters for ventilator settings. Oxygen targets Aim for a saturation of 92–96 % in most patients…

…determining management. The benefit of carotid revascularisation is greatest in patients with a recent TIA or stroke, particularly when the event occurred within 3 months…

…not shared to the same extent by statins. Inclisiran Inclisiran is a liver targeted small interfering RNA. It promotes degradation of the messenger RNA encoding…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Clinical Context Blood pressure management in older adults must account for chronological age, biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional…

…a survival benefit was observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is…

…Exact times are needed for continued management and quality follow up. STEMI: time targets and choice of reperfusion Primary PCI is the method of choice…

…with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein, has been a major therapeutic target. This concept is clinically relevant because cardiovascular risk may…

…reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit hepatic 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A…

…the pulmonary embolism quick reference for risk stratification. Renal function eGFR (mL/min) Management : : 50 Standard dose, creatinine checked at least annually 30 50 Dose…

…0 mmol/L Targets are governed by the total risk, not by the reference range LDL < 3.0 mmol/L Target < 1.4…

…the same broad cholesterol synthesis pathway as statins. The principal molecular target is adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase (ACL), a cytosolic enzyme upstream of 3 hydroxy…

…arrhythmias or an abnormal haemodynamic response occurs, or when a predefined target heart rate is reached. Its principal outputs are: Functional capacity and exercise tolerance…

…inclisiran permits subcutaneous administration only twice yearly, an important practical distinction from therapies requiring monthly or biweekly injections. Inclisiran is used as an adjunct to…

…composition of the occluded segment, including calcium. The quality of the distal target vessel. The configuration and adequacy of collateral channels. Additional features associated with…

…It is defined by symptoms lasting more than 3 months and attributable to established reversible myocardial ischaemia in either of two settings: Obstructive coronary artery…

…3 days before the test only when the question is purely diagnostic and the target heart rate is needed for the test to be conclusive…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic…