…blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting conditions. Therapy must be tailored to each patient. Optimal blood…

…endotracheal intubation, mechanical chest compressions, targeted temperature management, etc.) and are much less effective in terms of the number needed to treat (NNT). The Number…

…Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal…

…for each condition. Diabetes related AF may be accompanied by a greater symptom burden and AF burden, although improved metabolic and risk factor management has…

…diabetes care in the hospital. Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline on the management of hyperglycaemia in hospitalised adults. The summary of product characteristics for each…

…When to Initiate Pharmacological Treatment Lifestyle intervention is an essential component of care. In adults with elevated blood pressure, nonpharmacological management should be actively implemented…

…the substance. Treatment of acute poisoning consists of four parallel components: supportive treatment, a targeted antidote, reduced absorption and, in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For…

…as long as the unconsciousness persists. An awake patient who obeys commands after ROSC needs no targeted temperature management, but must still be kept free…

…Acid–base and electrolytes in intensive care Neurological monitoring Parameter Target Comment : : : Intracranial pressure (ICP) < 22 mmHg The treatment threshold in traumatic brain injury…

…Initial diagnosis of STEMI ECG Management Recommendation Level of evidence A 12 lead ECG should be interpreted immediately (within 10 minutes) at first medical contact…

…causes & management Definition of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is slower than 50 beats per minute…

…empirical antibiotics [1]. A practical target: give the first dose of broad spectrum antibiotics within 60 minutes of triage or arrival. This is supported by…

…Early reperfusion, reduction of myocardial energy requirements and mitigation of reperfusion injury are complementary objectives of initial STEMI management. The principal acute complications fall into…

…cardiac arrest. Sodium imbalance Neither hyponatremia nor hypernatremia typically cause discernible ECG changes. Hyponatremia Effective management of hyponatremia requires careful identification of its etiology, severity…

…protriptyline, Trimipramine. If a reversible cause of bradycardia is suspected, management should be targeted at that cause. With regards to medications, the clinical need must…

…Rubertsson et al Amiodarone, Lidocaine ACLS Unclear benefit Kudenchuk et al ECMO ACLS No benefit Suverein et al Targeted temperature management ACLS, No benefit Dankiewicz…

…the likelihood of ACS include: Sudden symptoms at rest or with minimal exertion, lasting at least 10 minutes unless promptly treated Severe chest pain, pressure…

…or family Hypertensive first degree relatives of patients with PA Patients with hypokalaemia may develop weakness, muscle cramps or, in severe cases, periodic paralysis. Nevertheless…

…target in most patients. Doses according to the local protocol and the Swedish medicines compendium (FASS). Rhythm control: the time limit before cardioversion Duration Management…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key message The distinction that determines management is: is there acute hypertension mediated organ damage or not? A single blood pressure value…

…complete work up of the cause or for imaging. 6. Document the starting time, the baseline plasma sodium, the target for the first few hours…

…term relationship with cardiovascular risk is therefore graded, although practical clinical care requires diagnostic and treatment thresholds. The 2024 European guideline defines hypertension as an…

…prompt follow up Main risk of management Overtreatment may impair autoregulation and cause ischemia Acute rapid reduction may cause harm without prognostic benefit Clinical Presentation…

…catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy…

…thrombosis in the target vein. With a mechanical tricuspid prosthesis the lead must not be passed through the valve. The order of management in acute…

…1. Sinoatrial arrest. Also note the ST segment elevations (which in this case have no relation to the sinoatrial arrest). As discussed in Chapter 1…

…by first establishing the time course and precipitating circumstances , and then selecting a targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness…

…from seizure onset Action : : 0 to 5 minutes ABCDE, start timing, glucose, monitoring, intravenous or intraosseous access, a targeted history At 5 minutes A full…

…judged certain or highly likely. With possible sepsis without shock, a rapid targeted assessment is made. If the suspicion persists, antibiotics must be given within…

…suspected acute coronary syndrome. It should be obtained immediately at first medical contact and interpreted within a target of 10 minutes. Prehospital ECG acquisition can…

…is the next step if LDL C targets are not met with statins alone. PCSK9 Inhibitors: Added in cases where LDL C remains above the…

…headache. High flow oxygen on a reservoir mask is the first line treatment during an attack and aborts most attacks within 15–20 minutes. An…

…low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases. Pressures in the heart and pulmonary circulation Flow, resistance…

…target organ damage should not normally be lowered rapidly with intravenous drugs. Such treatment has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause…

…In contemporary practice, ISR remains the most frequent cause of PCI failure, despite its substantially lower incidence with drug eluting stents (DES) than with bare…

…strengthening exercise should additionally be performed on at least 2 days each week. Activities need not be undertaken in bouts of at least 10 minutes…

…pathophysiology Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or…

…to 30 per minute Increased risk of ventilatory failure New drowsiness, confusion or agitation Suspect hypoxaemia or hypercapnia Cyanosis or saturation below target despite oxygen…

…at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status…

…140 and < 90 Thresholds for different measurement methods Measurement technique Faulty measurement technique is the most common cause of misclassification. Five minutes' seated rest…

…cost, adherence, pregnancy after the first trimester under specialist care). Rheumatic mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation. In uncomplicated atrial fibrillation and in ordinary venous thromboembolism…

…Treatment should begin as soon as possible, with a target of less than 10 minutes from STEMI diagnosis to the fibrinolytic bolus. In suitable systems…

…Choice of method and settings Condition Method Starting pressure Escalation Oxygen target : : : : : Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema CPAP 5–7.5 cmH₂O Increase in steps of 2…

…13.3 kPa (≤ 100 mmHg) See the intensive care parameters for ventilator settings. Oxygen targets Aim for a saturation of 92–96 % in most patients…

…contrast, within selected high risk populations, prevalence may be sufficiently high for targeted screening to be cost effective. For asymptomatic stenosis of at least 70%…

…not shared to the same extent by statins. Inclisiran Inclisiran is a liver targeted small interfering RNA. It promotes degradation of the messenger RNA encoding…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Clinical Context Blood pressure management in older adults must account for chronological age, biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional…

…a survival benefit was observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is…

…1,5]. Situation Practical target : : ECG after first medical contact Within 10 minutes STEMI diagnosis to wire crossing at a PCI hospital Within 60 minutes…

…with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein, has been a major therapeutic target. This concept is clinically relevant because cardiovascular risk may…

…reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit hepatic 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A…

…the pulmonary embolism quick reference for risk stratification. Renal function eGFR (mL/min) Management : : 50 Standard dose, creatinine checked at least annually 30 50 Dose…

…Reticulocytes 20–100 ×10⁹/L Distinguishes a production defect from haemolysis or bleeding Ferritin 15–300 µg/L (women 10–150) An acute phase protein —…

…the same broad cholesterol synthesis pathway as statins. The principal molecular target is adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase (ACL), a cytosolic enzyme upstream of 3 hydroxy…

…arrhythmias or an abnormal haemodynamic response occurs, or when a predefined target heart rate is reached. Its principal outputs are: Functional capacity and exercise tolerance…

…intensive approach: treatment should begin immediately, with combination therapy added when necessary to achieve the recommended LDL C target. Inclisiran: pharmacology and lipid effects Inclisiran…

…composition of the occluded segment, including calcium. The quality of the distal target vessel. The configuration and adequacy of collateral channels. Additional features associated with…

…The underlying endotype must first be defined, because management depends on the mechanism responsible for symptoms and ischaemia. The increasing prevalence of refractory angina reflects…

…3 days before the test only when the question is purely diagnostic and the target heart rate is needed for the test to be conclusive…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic…