…High dose glucocorticoids may worsen dyslipidaemia. Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome SLE may affect the cardiovascular system through several pathways, including: Coronary arteritis Accelerated…

…Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and rheumatic fever. Aortic dissection rupturing into the pericardium…

…stenosis Calcification of the mitral valve Complications to radiation therapy Mucopolysaccharidosis Carcinoid tumor Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Iatrogenic stenosis after mitral valve…

…premature menopause and subsequent hypertension or diabetes are insufficient to support firm conclusions. Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis…

…wide range of local and systemic conditions may cause pericarditis. The most common causes are as follows: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Acute…

…bronchospasm or severe cough hypotension, collapse, impaired consciousness or new onset marked weakness rapidly progressive symptoms from several organ systems severe abdominal pain or repeated…

…and can guide resuscitative efforts. If the patient presents with hypotension or has a lactate level exceeding 4 mmol/l, commence an intravenous fluid resuscitation…

…Hypokalemia. Increased intra ocular pressure in patients with glaucoma. Caution Used cautiously in patients with glaucoma or increased intracranial pressure. Fenoldopam doses and administration in…

…the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts…

…circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is rapid and may cause reflex sympathetic stimulation, including tachycardia. May therefore induce or worsen angina pectoris…

…and incompletely absorbed after oral administration, with systemic bioavailability ranging from 25% to 65% and minimal hepatic first pass extraction. Following a single oral dose…

…Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active…

…coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic…

…AVN), or the His Purkinje system. The underlying pathophysiology varies widely and may involve intrinsic cardiac disease, extrinsic systemic conditions, or pharmacologic effects. Inflammatory heart…

…patients exhibit hypotension—often with a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg—accompanied by signs of poor vital organ perfusion or frank shock states…

…a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial…

…driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved…

…while simultaneously affecting systemic perfusion. Aortic stenosis is a serious condition with poor long term outcomes. Patients with low flow low gradient aortic stenosis (discussed…

…when heat production or acquisition surpasses the body's capacity for heat elimination. Hyperthermia can induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic Inflammatory Response…

…by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within this spectrum, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF…

…confused with hypertrophy caused by increased loading conditions. Increased ventricular load is mostly caused by systemic hypertension or aortic stenosis. In hypertension, the increased systemic…

…consciousness, or when NIV is being considered. 4. Give short acting bronchodilators. 5. Give a systemic corticosteroid if the exacerbation is more than mild. 6…

…or unmeasurable Saturation on air Usually at least 92 percent May be below 92 percent Hypoxaemia despite oxygen Auscultation Wheeze with preserved air entry Marked…

…instrumental removal: Suspected penetrating injury or an intraocular foreign body — shield the eye with a rigid shield, give systemic antibiotics and contact an ophthalmologist urgently…

…several synthetic and endogenous agents with inotropic and vasopressor effects, and they often need to be combined in order to optimise or correct the haemodynamics…

…unstable patient Hypotension (systolic < 90 mmHg for 15 minutes, or a need for a vasopressor), obstructive shock or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism…

…of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs. Contraindications Forced…

…cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR…

…defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of acute organ damage or failure…

…indicator of blood flow to vital organs than systolic blood pressure alone. Predictive Value : Elevated MAP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular…

…Edema. Dizziness. Caution Should be used cautiously in patients with myocardial ischemia and/or heart failure. Nicardipine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…COPD) : Associated with higher perioperative risk. Clinical Applications Personalized Decision Making : SYNTAX Score II helps determine whether a patient should undergo PCI or CABG based…

…CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II…

…Features associated with an unfavourable short term prognosis include: Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and/or low arterial oxygen saturation…

…failure Systemic inflammatory disease Catheter based electrophysiological and structural cardiac procedures In patients with acute pericarditis, tamponade is uncommon when the cause is viral or…

…Cardiovascular Outcomes Associated With Dietary Patterns Cardiovascular disease and mortality The strongest long term evidence supports Mediterranean or DASH style patterns that emphasize minimally processed…

…therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across multiple organ systems. Non cardiac symptoms include…

…ventricular filling and reduce systemic output. In this setting, venous congestion is generally treated initially with diuretics, whereas norepinephrine and/or inotropes are reserved for…

…changes occur during the first year of life. The electrocardiogram (ECG) evolves in parallel with the changing anatomy and physiology of the heart. ECG amplitudes…

…present with STEMI. Pathophysiology and causes MINOCA encompasses several distinct mechanisms. These may be broadly divided into coronary causes, myocardial causes, and extracardiac or systemic…

…and demand. The universal classification distinguishes infarction according to its mechanism: Type 1 myocardial infarction: acute atherosclerotic plaque disruption or erosion with coronary thrombosis. Type…

…when the left sided filling pressure is normal or only slightly elevated. This combination—systemic venous hypertension with relatively modest left sided congestion—is an…

…appearance Diagnostic considerations Type 1 Contrast staining of the arterial wall with multiple lumens or radiolucent channels The classic appearance and usually readily recognized Type…

…occurred The extent and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior, inferoposterolateral or right ventricular involvement Pre existing abnormalities such as prior infarction…

…Acute myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence…

…with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism, dissection, coronary arteritis associated with systemic…

…Among patients with NSTE ACS undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients, microvascular obstruction or epicardial spasm may…

…kind of damage, change or degeneration. Endocarditis with alpha streptococcus is most often subacute and can develop gradually over several days to weeks. More acute…

…defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of acute organ damage or failure…

…changes occur during the first year of life. The electrocardiogram (ECG) evolves in parallel with the changing anatomy and physiology of the heart. ECG amplitudes…

…immune mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury [2] . The process initiates with endothelial dysfunction, a state provoked by systemic risk factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia…

…the cases. As compared with the right ventricle, the left ventricle contracts against much greater resistance (i.e. the pressure in the systemic circulation), and…

…argue for the operating theatre rather than the emergency room: a very large or deep abscess, a markedly unwell patient with fever and systemic upset…

…dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), secondary adrenal insufficiency or long term corticosteroid treatment cannot increase their…

…glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]. A hypertensive emergency means a markedly raised blood pressure together with ongoing or new organ damage in…

…tissue infection with systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79 Reduced compression (20–30 mmHg) under vascular surgical supervision Diabetes with neuropathy…

…TIA or systemic thromboembolism and initiate treatment with anticoagulants (rarely with antiplatelet agents). CHADS VASc predicts the risk of thromboembolism (stroke, TIA, systemic thromboembolism) in…

…Increases systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO. Minimal chronotropic effect. Increases coronary blood flow. Atrial or ventricular arrhythmias Bradycardia…

…and its variants are associated with conditions that cause medial degeneration or increase aortic wall stress. Relevant associations include: Systemic hypertension Marfan syndrome Loeys–Dietz…

…distal to the suspected obstruction Arterial and venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic source Neurological assessment is central to triage…