…of otherwise evidence based interventions. Hypertension and vascular disease Hypertension is the most common modifiable cardiovascular risk factor in older adults. It contributes to vascular…

…grading systems, and no grading replaces immediate clinical assessment. The updated international grading comprises five levels, with mild skin and mucosal reactions in the lower…

…of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016; 98:10511. Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying…

…action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist. • Lowers blood pressure while maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects Dopamine 1 receptor agonists lower systemic blood pressure…

…parameter used to quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital…

…The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is rapid and may cause reflex sympathetic stimulation, including tachycardia. May therefore induce or worsen angina pectoris. The…

…of 26 to 107 days (mean 53 days, with most patients in the 40 to 55 day range). Because of this prolonged terminal half life…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…years, compared with 15.0 per 1000 patient years in age matched controls without autoimmune disease. The greatest risks were reported with systemic sclerosis, Addison…

…to be more advanced than in people without diabetes. Carotid disease is also a marker of systemic cardiovascular risk. The presence of a carotid bruit…

…from reversible systemic insults, including hypovolemia, hypoxia, cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, preexisting acidosis, drug overdose, hypothermia, and hyperkalemia. When bradycardia occurs in the context of…

…with a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg—accompanied by signs of poor vital organ perfusion or frank shock states. In the specific context…

…adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have…

…cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved significantly; it is…

…reduction in the orifice area. As the area is reduced, transvalvular flow resistance increases. This results in increased left ventricular load, while simultaneously affecting systemic…

…of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016;98:10511. Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying…

…by numerous local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation…

…and risk factors The global burden of heart failure is staggering, affecting an estimated 64 million individuals worldwide. In developed nations, the prevalence of HF…

…stenosis. In hypertension, the increased systemic resistance makes it more difficult for the ventricle to eject blood into the aorta during systole. In aortic stenosis…

…with a target of 88 to 92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise…

…β2 agonist, ipratropium in more severe attacks, and a systemic steroid given early [2,3]. Grading Grade the severity by the most serious finding. A…

…the eye with a rigid shield, give systemic antibiotics and contact an ophthalmologist urgently . A positive Seidel's sign. A foreign body centrally in the…

…Activation results in vasoconstriction and an increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Beta 1 adrenergic receptors: expressed in the myocardium. Activation results in increased contractility…

…micrograms/L (FEU). Check which unit and which reference system your own laboratory uses before applying it. The D dimer is raised in pregnancy, malignancy…

…involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs. Contraindications Forced expiration raises the pressure in the…

…on the venous capacitance vessels. Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood pressure without affecting cardiac filling pressures. • Clevidipine is more effective than nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in…

…on the venous capacitance vessels. Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood pressure without affecting cardiac filling pressures. • Clevidipine is more effective than nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in…

…influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO × SVR) + Central Venous Pressure (CVP) This equation…

…venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, decreases total peripheral resistance, decreases systemic blood pressure, and decreases afterload…

…clinical factors. Provides a more personalized risk assessment. Validated in large clinical trials, including the SYNTAX trial. Limitations Requires detailed clinical and angiographic data. Calculation…

…a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS…

…either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither of these abnormalities in the presence of abnormal clinical risk assessment. Low risk PE is characterized by…

…fall in systemic systolic blood pressure, termed pulsus paradoxus. Tamponade is therefore characterized haemodynamically by elevation and near equalization of diastolic pressures in the cardiac…

…Primary cardiovascular events occurred in 8 of 302 participants in the Mediterranean group compared with 33 of 303 in the control group. In another randomized…

…Beyond its direct cellular actions, digoxin exerts significant systemic effects via the autonomic nervous system. It attenuates carotid sinus baroreceptor activity and acts centrally and…

…failure and occurs in more than 90% of patients presenting with the syndrome. Its severity and temporal pattern vary considerably. Symptoms of systemic venous congestion…

…overcome by the ventricles. The left ventricle must overcome the pressure in the aorta and systemic circulation (normally 120 mmHg in adults). The right ventricle…

…concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)…

…injury. Mechanisms of troponin release Troponin I and troponin T are components of the myocardial contractile apparatus and are expressed predominantly in cardiac muscle. Troponin…

…The central management principle is preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while supporting left ventricular performance and systemic circulation. Improvement in left ventricular function also…

…In one study cited in the source material, FMD was identified in 86% of patients with SCAD. SCAD should therefore prompt consideration of systemic arteriopathy…

…the symptoms generally do not resolve simply with cessation of activity, unlike typical exertional angina. A precipitating factor is identifiable in up to one half…

…concentration above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). It is considered acute when there is a rise and/or fall in cTn…

…recent myocardial infarction. UA belongs to the broader spectrum of acute coronary syndromes, which may present with recent changes in symptoms or signs, with or…

…cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand related events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More than one mechanism may operate simultaneously. Some…

…the immune system to reach the bacteria. Endocarditis can lead to the destruction of the valvular apparatus, as well as to embolization in the systemic…

…on the venous capacitance vessels. Hence, Clevidipine reduces blood pressure without affecting cardiac filling pressures. • Clevidipine is more effective than nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in…

…overcome by the ventricles. The left ventricle must overcome the pressure in the aorta and systemic circulation (normally 120 mmHg in adults). The right ventricle…

…primarily interstitial collagen types I and III, elastin, and proteoglycans [6] . This matrix forms a fibrous cap that sequesters the highly thrombogenic lipid core from…

…of the cases. As compared with the right ventricle, the left ventricle contracts against much greater resistance (i.e. the pressure in the systemic circulation…

…of the cavity and its distance to vessels. Contraindications and when to involve a surgeon The following locations must not be handled routinely in primary…

…Inhaled and topical steroids in high doses can also cause systemic suppression. Corticosteroids mask fever and peritonitis. The abdomen of a patient on corticosteroids can…

…may suggest phaeochromocytoma. Systemic sclerosis, kidney disease, autoimmune disease or previous thrombotic microangiopathy. Antidepressants can affect the blood pressure in several ways. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors…

…both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute phase. Septic phlebitis, ongoing soft tissue infection with systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation…

…CHADS VASc predicts the risk of thromboembolism (stroke, TIA, systemic thromboembolism) in the next 12 months and the calculations apply to untreated patients with non…

…for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein…

…aortic valve Coarctation of the aorta Previous aortic trauma Pregnancy, particularly the third trimester Weightlifting Cocaine use Deceleration injury Systemic hypertension coexists in approximately 70%…

…distal to the suspected obstruction Arterial and venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic source Neurological assessment is central to triage…

…promotes peripheral vasodilation through reduced systemic vascular resistance. The resulting mild reduction in blood pressure is often accompanied by a compensatory rise in cardiac output…

…forms affecting the heart are immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis and transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis [8, 15]. AL Amyloidosis: This is a plasma cell dyscrasia in…