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Left Ventricular Function

…blockers in heart failure; these drugs antagonize neurohormonal mechanisms and improve cardiac function and survival dramatically in heart failure ( Yancy et al ). Acquiring a basic…

Laryngeal mask and difficult airway

…filled mask) : : : 1 under 5 kg 4 mL 1.5 5–10 kg 7 mL 2 10–20 kg 10 mL 2.5 20–30…

Endotracheal intubation

…cuff, a cuff manometer. A laryngeal mask of the correct size as a rescue airway, and surgical airway equipment (a size 10 scalpel, a bougie…

Nasogastric tube

…Indications Decompression in ileus, subacute obstruction or gastric retention — the commonest indication on a surgical ward. Decompression in severe vomiting where the stomach does not…

Abscess incision and drainage

…that is disproportionately severe, a rapid course, skin discolouration, systemic upset — is an acute surgical emergency, not an abscess. Preparation and equipment No. 11 scalpel…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…A size 15 scalpel, a double edged razor blade or a flexible shave blade. Artery forceps, toothed surgical forceps, scissors, a needle holder. Sutures: 5…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; extensive vascular calcification; female sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity of procedural anticoagulation; complex coronary anatomy…

Advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) - Advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS)

…Indeed, the greatest opportunities for survival exist during the first few minutes from collapse. Table 1 shows the number needed to treat (NNT) for various…

Left Bundle Branch Block: ECG criteria and clinical implications

…secondary ST T changes can either mask or mimic the signs of ischemia or infarction [5]. Prognosis and Survival The presence of LBBB has several…

Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Myocardial Viability Assessment and Revascularization

…fraction (LVEF) after revascularization is most likely when a relatively large amount of hibernating or stunned myocardium is present, approximately 20% of LV mass. Conversely…

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