…This is also a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding…

…not recommended as the sole regimen. Common situations Situation Management : : Fasting before an investigation, type 1 Continue basal insulin, often at a somewhat reduced dose…

…such circumstances, the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably. Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) emerges as the sole therapeutic alternative for such situations. Presently, this…

…with revascularization. After elective PCI for CCS , particularly after stent implantation. In both situations, DAPT is generally a temporary strategy. At an appropriate point, it…

…be considered a basic clinical skill. Pacing activity may be visible or invisible, depending on e.g the type of pacemaker, intrinsic cardiac activity, etc…

…the "can't intubate, can't oxygenate" situation there are no contraindications — a laryngeal mask is inserted even with a full stomach. Preparation and equipment…

…another) is uncommon. Ashman's phenomenon : This type of aberration occurs when the RR interval is first prolonged and then shortened. The initial prolongation increases…

…flutter. Similar to atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter can be classified into the following types: Acute atrial flutter (includes newly diagnosed cases). Paroxysmal atrial flutter. Chronic…

…Indeed, any cell type in the ventricles may cause ventricular arrhythmias. Definitions and ECG criteria for ventricular rhythm and idioventricular rhythm Ventricular rhythm exists if…

…anxiety, intense emotion, the sight of blood, unpleasant sights and odors, and orthostatic stress. Situational triggers such as acute hemorrhage, cough, defecation, laugh, micturition, sneeze…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Farmakologi & dosering Lathundar Two situations are often confused: replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency (which must be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory…

…STEMI) without ST segment elevations on 12 lead ECG This chapter covers situations in which the 12 lead ECG does not exhibit ST segment elevations…

…70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur in situations with extreme stress, such as car accidents, gun violence, threats, or any situation in which the individual's…

…patient. Rate control in the stable patient Drug Situation Comment : : : Beta blocker (metoprolol) First choice in most cases The IV dose is titrated slowly. Caution…

…access is not in itself an indication for emergency insertion in an unstable situation: intraosseous access or a large bore peripheral cannula bridges the gap…

…surgery — and cardiac arrest. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in the emergency situation. Consider alternatives when: Intubation is not consistent with the treatment plan…

…Avoid or modify in: Situation Management : : Disseminated intravascular coagulation or clinically overt bleeding Refrain until the condition has been corrected Marked coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Routine…

…intervention (PCI). Contraindications Prasugrel should not be used in the following situations: Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any of the excipients. Active pathological bleeding…

…s leads etc). Note that in some situations it is appropriate to connect additional electrodes in order to detect right ventricular infarction (leads V3R, V4R…

…Thus, the clinical utility of exercise stress testing is immense and the procedure may be used in numerous situations, ranging from health screening to assessment…

…sinoatrial node fails to discharge an impulse, three latent pacemaker structures can discharge impulses that will salvage the situation. Latent pacemakers can continue discharging impulses…

…hypoxemia and ischemia all aggravate the risk of developing ventricular fibrillation, in any situation. ECG features of ventricular fibrillation The ECG shows irregular waves with…

…pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue for the operating theatre rather than the emergency room: a very large or deep abscess, a markedly…

…Situation Practical target : : ECG after first medical contact Within 10 minutes STEMI diagnosis to wire crossing at a PCI hospital Within 60 minutes Prehospital STEMI…

…to start emergency treatment, but abnormal or unexpected values should be confirmed with a laboratory analysed plasma glucose when the situation allows. Glucose meters are…

…the early warning sign. Choice of agent Situation Choice Reason : : : An opioid naive adult with normal renal function Morphine The reference drug, with the greatest…

…doses per day are needed. Dose adjustment Situation Adjustment : : eGFR < 30 mL/min Avoid morphine (the active metabolite accumulates). Oxycodone at a reduced dose…

…persisting risk factor, or recurrence. Special situations Situation Comment : : Pregnancy Leg ultrasound first. CT pulmonary angiography or lung scintigraphy according to local procedure. Low molecular…

…hypoventilation, circulatory failure or an anticipated need for anaesthesia. Consider a 12 lead ECG when the acute situation allows, particularly before fosphenytoin, or where poisoning…

…dosing schedule applicable to all patients; the regimen must be individualized based on the clinical situation and arrhythmia severity. Because of the drug's unusual…

…hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Cardiac remodeling Ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy lead to myocardial remodeling and neurohormonal changes that further worsen the hemodynamic situation. Thus…

…artery disease has been classified into the following three syndromes: Stable angina pectoris : Symptoms appear primarily during exercise or other situations with increased myocardial load…

…This may cause symptoms in situations with increased cardiac workload (physical exercise) because the increased workload leads to increased oxygen demand but the stenosis limits…

…Junctional beats and junctional rhythm Junctional rhythm may arise in the following situations: If the normal sinus impulse disappears (e.g sinus arrest) cells around…

…myocardial infarction. Myocardial ischemia in clinical practice: coronary artery disease In clinical practice, myocardial ischemia occurs in numerous situations. In stable angina pectoris, there are…

…sac compromises the relaxation and/or contraction of the ventricles and atria. This situation is referred to as cardiac tamponade, which has been discussed earlier…

…artery disease has been classified into the following three syndromes: Stable angina pectoris : Symptoms appear primarily during exercise or other situations with increased myocardial load…

…angle error of 15° There are situations where v 1 (proximal velocity) can not be ignored. The most common situation is when assessing aortic stenosis…