…careful monitoring, and shared decision making. Definition and Pathophysiology Aging related cardiovascular vulnerability Normal aging produces structural and functional cardiovascular changes that increase susceptibility to…

…phenotypic expression complicate risk prediction. Familial clustering may also reflect shared environmental or behavioural factors rather than a single gene disorder. This distinction is important…

…coronary disorders. The investigation should be undertaken when its diagnostic or therapeutic consequences are likely to outweigh procedural risks. This balance forms part of shared…

…and routine follow up is usually sufficient. Shared decision making The calculator provides a quantitative estimate of SCD risk, which facilitates informed discussions between clinicians…

…consideration of coronary angiography and possible revascularization. Revascularization may be selected for symptom relief after shared decision making, particularly when the anginal burden is high…

…Approximately 25–30% reduction in lipoprotein(a), an effect not shared to the same extent by statins. Inclisiran Inclisiran is a liver targeted small interfering…

…comorbidities and preferences. A multidisciplinary, shared decision making process is appropriate when revascularization is being considered. The choice between PCI, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG…

…AHA) guidelines emphasize a unified, risk stratified continuum of disease, recognizing that the underlying atherothrombotic pathophysiology is shared across these presentations [6, 7] . NSTEMI vs…

…of lower alcohol intake remain controversial. Epidemiological studies have often described a J shaped association between consumption and cardiovascular outcomes, with apparently lower overall cardiovascular…

…in obtaining a certificate upon course completion. Today we are pleased to share that we have created certificates. These certificates testify that you possess the…

…and class III antiarrhythmic effects. The drug comprises both d and l isomers, which share similar efficacy in prolonging repolarization. However, the l isomer is…

…axis). The standard ultrasound transducer for 2D echocardiography is the phased array transducer , which creates a sector shaped ultrasound field (Figur 1). Figure 1. Two…

…section (SAX, short axis view), the the ventricle is rather a crescent shaped appendage of the left ventricle. On longitudinal sections (A4C, apical four chamber…

…Contraindications None. Practical obstacles are skin disease or allergy to the electrode gel, and marked body hair that cannot be shaved. Set up 1. Shave…

…the light checked. Tubes in three sizes, a stylet or bougie taken out and shaped before induction , a syringe for the cuff, a cuff manometer…

…shape and reaction to light. A teardrop shaped or peaked pupil suggests perforation. Look for hyphaema — blood with a fluid level in the anterior chamber…

…cuff manometer. A videolaryngoscope with both a Macintosh like and a hyperangulated blade, and a stylet shaped to match the hyperangulated blade. A bougie, tubes…

…when baseline blood pressure is not markedly elevated. These apparent J shaped associations are considered unreliable for guiding treatment because of potential confounding, reverse causality…

…compression and tamponade even without a large circumferential effusion. Causes Tamponade shares the causes of pericardial effusion. Important clinical associations include: Idiopathic or viral pericarditis…

…Echocardiography in ARVC Echocardiography shows global right ventricular dilation. The left ventricle and the septum are generally spared. Regional wall motion abnormalities–i.e hypokinesia…

…the risk of developing arrhythmias during disopyramide treatment. Propafenone and flecainide Propafenone and flecainide are both class I antiarrhythmic drugs and share several characteristics. Indications…

…septum bulging into the left ventricle, which gives the left ventricle a D shaped appearance in short axis views. The increased pressure may also propagate…