Procedurer The oesophagus runs directly behind the left atrium. An electrode placed in the oesophagus at the right level therefore records atrial depolarisation with an…

…is derived by measuring flow velocities across the mitral valve using pulsed Doppler. Estimating left ventricular filling pressure via e' . Measurement of deceleration time (DT) …

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…For example, exercising patients with ongoing myocardial ischemia may provoke life threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with previous acute coronary syndromes (ACS) Exercise stress testing is…

…treatment of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia) Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic instability Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic effects is a potentially life threatening condition and should be managed urgently…

…the ventricles with the same rate. This occurs if ventricular stimulation is set to be triggered by the atrial impulse. Another cause of pacemaker mediated…

…vomiting. Haemodynamic instability or a life threatening arrhythmia. Undrained pneumothorax. Facial trauma, facial burns or recent facial surgery that make a seal impossible. Recent surgery…

…straightforward: ultrasound to find the fluid, an insertion site in the left lower quadrant lateral to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin…

…in approximately 0.27% of STEMI cases and 0.06% of non ST elevation myocardial infarction cases. Despite their rarity, they remain immediately life threatening…

…central line set with a triple lumen catheter, usually 7 Fr. Catheter length: the right internal jugular vein requires the shortest catheter, while left sided…