…Lacunar stroke results in five classical lacunar syndromes, namely: (1) pure motor stroke/hemiparesis (2) ataxic hemiparesis (3) dysarthria (4) pure sensory stroke (5) mixed…

…of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey = pure vasopressors, orange = phosphodiesterase inhibitors…

…by cells near the node. The following must be noted: There are cells with pure automaticity around the atrioventricular node. These cells are capable of…

…kidney injury, AKI, is a syndrome of rapidly deteriorating renal function. Management is governed not by the creatinine value alone but by the course, urine…

…overdose. Tumour lysis syndrome appears as an indication in older protocols but is no longer routinely recommended — alkaline urine increases the precipitation of calcium phosphate…

…The effusion itself may consist of serous fluid (transudate), protein rich fluid (exudate) to pure blood (exudate). Often pericardial effusion is detected randomly (for example…

…to suspected chronic coronary syndrome, is evaluated by estimating the likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) before diagnostic testing. This pre test probability is…

…and arrhythmology ECG Pre excitation, Atrioventricular Reentrant (reentry) Tachycardia (AVRT) and Wolff Parkinson White (WPW) syndrome: ECG, clinical characteristics and management Pre excitation The atrioventricular…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and clinical classification Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately…

…Preoperative functional assessment before major surgery. At a low pre test probability most positive results are false positives; at a high probability a negative test…

…coronary syndromes (ACS) and is also a common tachyarrhythmia requiring treatment in decompensated heart failure (DHF). In the critically ill patient, AF may be pre…

…by hyperpolarisation and contributes to spontaneous diastolic depolarisation. By inhibiting the intracellular portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and…

…segment. PR interval 0.22 s: first degree AV block. PR interval < 0.12 s: pre excitation (WPW syndrome). Second degree AV block, Mobitz…

…Unstable monomorphic VT with a pulse. Pre excitation with atrial fibrillation and a very rapid ventricular rate. Elective or subacute: Symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation where…

…haemorrhage, acute coronary syndrome, acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary oedema, acute aortic syndrome, acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis, and severe pre eclampsia or eclampsia…

…MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure (pre load), since it has no effects on the venous capacitance…

…MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure (pre load), since it has no effects on the venous capacitance…

…interval 0,22 s : first degree AV block. PR interval <0,12 s : Pre excitation (WPW syndrome). Second degree AV block Mobitz type I (Wenckebach…

…and arrhythmology Drugs and electrolyte imbalance ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterised by an abnormal prolongation of the QT interval…

…focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be discovered during targeted duplex ultrasound (DUS), pre operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening…

…Isolated postcapillary PH (IpcPH) 20 mmHg 15 mmHg ≤2 Wood units Combined pre and postcapillary PH (CpcPH) 20 mmHg 15 mmHg 2 Wood units Unclassified…

…rupture with tamponade, and less common causes such as severe pre existing valvular disease or excessive beta blocker or calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence…

…Pathophysiology ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized clinically by acute myocardial ischaemic symptoms or equivalent presentations together with persistent…

…the nocebo effect : negative expectations, contextual cues and attribution of pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single diagnostic test can distinguish a pharmacological SAMS…

…dependent. The interval from symptom onset to reperfusion is determined by patient recognition and help seeking, pre hospital assessment and transport, diagnostic and treatment delays…

…it may be due to pre excited atrial fibrillation (i.e. atrial fibrillation with impulses conducted via an accessory pathway [see Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome])…

…predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis…

…such as pre syncope or syncope. Definition of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmia (PSVT) The arrhythmias AVNRT, AVRT (Pre excitation, Wolff Parkinson White syndrome) and ectopic atrial…

…the smaller the current used. Software settings The pacemaker software includes pre programmed algorithms and settings, which can be tailored to the patient's needs…

…pre syncope Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Cardiac arrest with or without sudden cardiac death Hence, the Brugada syndrome is a highly malignant disorder that must…

…with potential tracheal deviation to the opposite side Distended jugular veins Management Decompression using a venous cannula Can be executed in a pre hospital setting…

…Utstein guidelines (Table 1). The broad categories of causes are considered necessary due to the uncertainties prevailing in the pre hospital setting ( Perkins et al. )…

…MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure (pre load), since it has no effects on the venous capacitance…

…follow up after one month, and at least annually thereafter, more often in impaired renal function. Red flags and pitfalls Atrial fibrillation with pre excit

…aortic dissection, acute renal failure, pre eclampsia) — intravenous treatment with a controlled reduction, as a rule no more than 25% during the first hour. The…

…and less controllable depth of freeze). A size 15 scalpel or a pumice stone to pare down hyperkeratotic lesions. A cone or an otoscope speculum…

…300 ms may become haemodynamically significant. Pre excitation: PR < 120 ms with a delta wave and QRS 110 ms. Brugada pattern type 1: ST…

…pressure in both arms at the first assessment, particularly in chest pain, back pain or suspected acute aortic syndrome. 5. Use the correct cuff size…

…drainage bag and a catheter valve, and lubricant containing a local anaesthetic (lidocaine gel) in a pre filled syringe. Catheter size is given in Charrière…

…no no INFED IRON DEXTRAN IRON DEXTRAN Mixed ar less patients with pre existing cardiovascular disease/cardiac arrest Solu Cortef HYDROCORTISONE SODIUM SUCCINATE HYDROCORTISONE SODIUM…

Info This page summarises the most current recommendations for the management of acute coronary syndromes with persistent ST segment elevations (i.e STEMI, ST segment…

…a combination of: direct tubular toxicity; renal haemodynamic disturbance and ischaemia; pre existing or concurrent hypovolaemia; cardiac dysfunction or haemodynamic instability; and additional nephrotoxic exposures…

…exercise induced arrhythmias Evaluating the blood pressure response Refining risk stratification and prognosis For patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD…

…intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure, including methamphetamine. Abrupt withdrawal of antihypertensive medication, particularly clonidine, can also precipitate a hypertensive crisis. Pregnancy Hypertensive emergencies in pre

…populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in competitive athletics. In the context of Brugada syndrome (BrS)…

…intensity treatment in reducing major cardiovascular events. Acute coronary syndromes The period immediately after ACS is particularly vulnerable, with recurrent cardiovascular events concentrated early after…

…cardiovascular event risk. Quantify myocardial blood flow when PET is used. SPECT is recommended in suspected chronic coronary syndrome with moderate or high pre test

…therapy. Furthermore, acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant women without pre existing heart disease, such as in peripartum cardiomyopathy…

…psychological factors, goals and the intended setting. Pre participation screening should follow applicable cardiovascular exercise screening guidance. In individuals with cardiovascular disease, an exercise test…

…Juvenile T wave pattern'. PR interval <120 ms with a delta wave and wide QRS is indicative of 'Ventricular pre excitation', and QRS duration ≥140…

…or location of inducible ischaemia. It is particularly appropriate when: The pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD is moderate or high, generally greater than 15…

…pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction. Pre excitation. Switched arm electrodes (negative P and QRS T in lead I). Situs inversus. Left posterior…

…pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction. Pre excitation. Switched arm electrodes (negative P and QRS T in lead I). Situs inversus. Left posterior…

…is performed by paramedics, nurses or physicians, depending on the design of the pre hospital system. ACLS involves placing an advanced airway, defibrillating shockable rhythms…

…the lungs to the left ventricle, which therefore contracts without pre load (the ventricle is empty or nearly empty). In patients with an initial shockable…

…obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as…

…the clinical labor test (working ECG) , the value of echocardiographic examination depends on the pre test probability, which is the probability that the patient actually…

…interval 0,22 s : first degree AV block. PR interval <0,12 s : Pre excitation (WPW syndrome). Second degree AV block Mobitz type I (Wenckebach…

…acute symptoms, ranging from chronic fatigue and exercise intolerance to sudden cardiac arrest. The most common acute symptoms are dizziness (pre syncope), hypotension (chock), syncope…

…pre excitation Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) , right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) , left bundle branch block (LBBB) , right bundle branch block (RBBB) and pre excitation (WPW syndrome…