…pain, pulmonary congestion, a new cardiac murmur, or jugular venous distension in the days after MI should prompt immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical…

…increasingly recognized as a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during the postpartum period. Maternal and obstetric complications Immediate maternal complications include placental abruption…

…Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy. Dosage Acute myocardial infarction: Initial loading dose: 300–500 mg as soon…

…calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI has fallen with prompt reperfusion and reduction of infarct size. Earlier estimates approached 20…

…onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with low risk of…

…of stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications Acute hypertension may precipitate myocardial ischemia or infarction, acute heart failure, or pulmonary…

…and type of intervention. The assessment should also clarify: Whether AF is pre existing, newly detected, or newly developed during the acute illness The ventricular…

…and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications…

…Causes of mitral stenosis Rheumatic heart disease Congenital mitral stenosis Calcification of the mitral valve Complications to radiation therapy Mucopolysaccharidosis Carcinoid tumor Systemic lupus erythematosus…

…imaging because of the risk of rupture. Type A IMH may cause: Aortic regurgitation Haemopericardium or pericardial effusion Aortic rupture Proximal aortic complications Malperfusion and…

…of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation Pulmonary…

…follows: Endocarditis Papillary muscle rupture (complication of acute myocardial infarction) Rupture of chordae tendineae. Acute regurgitation of blood into the left atrium results in sudden…

…sufficiently will result in the following compilations: Pulmonary edema develops due to rising LAP and LVEDP. Cardiogenic shock develops if the cardiac output is insufficient…

…low Stable One of the two positive Admission Low Stable No Normal Anticoagulation. Outpatient management may be considered The sPESI (simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index…

…the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 11 (3), pp. 223–244. DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jeq030. Pulmonary…

…responders. Left heart disease is the most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure…

…is estimated that 10 million cases of venous thromboembolism occur globally every year ( Raskob et al ). The incidence of pulmonary embolism has increased in recent…

…setting of pulmonary valve stenosis, the pressure in the right ventricle rises, which results in right ventricular hypertrophy. The valve is usually thickened and during…

…obstruction of pulmonary blood flow increases RV pressure load and may impair RV filling and forward output. The resulting syndrome may progress to systemic congestion…

…publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 22 (1), 1 23; quiz 101 2. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029. Pulmonary valve Pulmonary…

…are rare. Renal failure increases risk of cyanide toxicity. Cyanide toxicity requires doses 2 μg/kg/minute. Use the lowest possible dose, avoiding prolonged…

…lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is not affected by the concurrent use of beta blockers. The…

…pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered [1]. Do the following early: 1. Assess airway, work of breathing, level of consciousness…

…of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes. Acute pulmonary…

…leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness, fluid does more harm than good.

…of care and on whether intubation is appropriate, documented before treatment begins. Procedure 1. Treat the underlying cause in parallel. Nitroglycerin and diuretics in pulmonary…

…to Methods and Clinical Relevance The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic parameter used to quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp…

…Gonzalo; Baumgartner, Helmut et al. (2012): Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). In European heart journal 33 (19), pp. 2451–2496…

…Trinipatch ® Indications Pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric…

…cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However…

…However, it establishes that the clinical evaluation must identify specific hemodynamic profiles: the presence of hypotension, end organ hypoperfusion, shock states, and pulmonary congestion. In…

…objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within this spectrum, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) is specifically classified by the 2022 AHA…

…pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, the concentration of catecholamines, angiotensin, hemoglobin, etc. A vivid example of how cardiac function can be affected by targeting peripheral mechanisms…

…the PA catheter ( Pulmonary Artery Catheter , also called Swan Ganz catheter ) has been the first choice, but today the majority of patients can only be…

…of CPR is to create large variations in intrathoracic pressure by compressing, decompressing and ventilating. These maneuvers result in arterial blood flowing through the pulmonary…

…edoxaban Prothrombin complex concentrate, consider within 15 hours of the last dose. Andexanet alfa where available Low molecular weight heparin Protamine has only a partial…

…at all is then delivered while the patient deteriorates. Indications Emergency, irrespective of duration and anticoagulation status: Tachyarrhythmia with haemodynamic compromise: hypotension, shock, pulmonary oedema…

…heart failure. Acute pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Acute myocarditis, pericarditis or endocarditis. Acute aortic dissection. Physical inability to perform the test safely. Relative…

…monitored during treatment [4,6]. Important exceptions Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic syndrome Immediate rate control and rapid reduction of the systolic…

…which the mechanism needs to be documented before referral to an arrhythmia unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine, which can be given during the…

…Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs. Contraindications Forced expiration raises the…

…risk assessment. Key Variables in SYNTAX Score II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical…

…pro BNP may be used as prognostic markers during the disease course. In summary, the risk of severe disease and death is several times higher…

…Behçet disease can cause both arterial and venous thrombosis. In SLE, renal artery involvement may contribute to difficult to control hypertension. The cardiovascular consequences of

…be integrated with the clinical history, ECG, and subsequent investigations. The emergency differential also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous…

…from the pulmonary artery and anomalous origin of one coronary artery from the opposite aortic sinus. Pathophysiology Myocardial bridging During systole, contraction of the overlying…

…diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema…

…the clinical state during treatment with an angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor. Clinical Applications Natriuretic peptides have three principal roles: Supporting or excluding the diagnosis of…

…during the fetal period. This is explained by the configuration of the fetal circulation; pulmonary resistance is high (which means that resistance in the pulmonary…

…pressures are reduced. The central management principle is preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while supporting left ventricular performance and systemic circulation. Improvement in left…

…treatment LV function requires evaluation in the setting of suspected ischaemia or previous infarction Dyspnoea requires assessment of dynamic LV function, valve disease, pulmonary pressure…

…reflects the average direction of ventricular depolarization during ventricular contraction. The direction of the depolarization (and thus the electrical axis) is generally alongside the hearts…

…of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings, cardiac biomarkers, imaging, angiography, and, occasionally, pathological examination. Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia. The…

…dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes…

…sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be…

…heart failure or after myocardial infarction). Ventricular arrhythmias are easier to induce in the presence of arrhythmogenic substrates. A substrate is defined as a physiological…

…also present in individuals without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine states…

…then reintroducing the oxygenated blood into the circulation. ECMO use during cardiac arrest (referred to as ECPR [extracorporeal CPR] ) requires the immediate establishment of veno…

…the gold standard definition of HFpEF relies on the demonstration of spontaneous or provokable elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressures, defined invasively as a pulmonary…

…few exceptions. Prior to the Doppler era, hemodynamic assessments were performed by means of right heart catheterization (with Swan Ganz catheter [ pulmonary artery catheter ]). However…