…adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace pacing when the patient is markedly unstable. Transcutaneous pacing Equipment A defibrillator with a…

…heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the…

…auerus . This usually affects drug users (intravenous addiction), elderly patients with altered valves, patients with valve prostheses or other cardiac devices (pacemaker, CRT, ICD). In…

…always weighs more heavily). A joint prosthesis: the aspiration must be performed by an orthopaedic surgeon under strictly sterile conditions. For corticosteroid injection there is…

…bone to be punctured, or a major injury proximal to the puncture site. A joint prosthesis or orthopaedic metalwork in the area. A previous intraosseous…

…taken — to confirm the position and to detect fractures that have occurred or been unmasked. Preparation and equipment An examination couch that can be lowered…

…prosthesis in the adjacent joint. Known hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or…

…A bioprosthetic valve, the first 3 months 2.0–3.0 Thereafter usually an antiplatelet drug or nothing Preparation and equipment INR, full blood count…

…is titrated slowly. Caution in acute heart failure and in obstructive airways disease Verapamil or diltiazem When a beta blocker is contraindicated, for example in…

…is insufficient, or when concomitant valvular disease (e.g mitral stenosis) requires intervention. Valve replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former…

Echocardiography Cardiac tumors Cardiac tumors are rare. They can occur anywhere in the heart or surrounding tissue. Tumors can be localized in the myocardium, pericardium…