…than NSTEMI, and up to two thirds of infarctions are anterior. The risk of ACS is greatest during the third trimester and postpartum period, although…

…orthopnoea and new sweating. Oliguria, dark urine or rapidly developing swelling. Pregnancy, gestational week and recent delivery. Pre eclampsia can present postpartum. Known hypertension and…

…New onset postpartum preeclampsia is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during the postpartum period. Maternal and obstetric complications Immediate…

…the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of cardiac arrest. Should cardiac arrest occur postpartum, hemorrhage must be…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first…

…particularly when the effusion develops in the early post infarction period. Clinical presentation and symptoms The characteristic clinical syndrome consists of: Malaise Fever Pericardial or…

…survival. It includes diagnosis of post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS), optimization of ventilation, oxygenation, hemodynamics, antiischemic treatment, temperature treatment, treatment of seizures, and infections. However…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Definition and Pathophysiology The conceptual understanding of myocardial infarction (MI) has evolved significantly over the past century. Initial post mortem…

…Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial fibrillation ≤3 days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm…

…with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits, their use is limited by specific adverse…

…medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, preferentially prasugrel…

…cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an adverse prognostic sign. Notably, the presence of dilated, nonreactive pupils 48 hours post cardiac arrest is a…

…ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation…

…evolved from early post infarction physical activity programmes into a structured centre of secondary cardiovascular prevention in which exercise, lifestyle intervention, education, and guideline directed…

…obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient…

…In this post I would like to discuss hot topics related to coronary artery disease and I will emphasize on issues that are typically raised…

…of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast induced…

…reference vessel diameter A small post procedural lumen Substantial residual stenosis Long lesions Diabetes mellitus Untreated edge dissection Components and mechanisms of DES A conventional…

…ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of lipid lowering therapy may leave patients exposed to avoidable risk. Contemporary guidance…

…or extensive MI with necrosis and scar formation Diffuse myocardial fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular…

…etomidate), routine blood pressure and oximetry monitoring, availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are…

…when discerning between hypothermic unresponsiveness and cardiac arrest. Frequently, overt signs of life are absent, and the patient's coldness can mimic post mortem conditions…

CPR Tamponade and cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops…

…bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions…

…and appears to reduce the risk of a post injection flare. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline is used; larger volumes are needed subacromially and…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…shunt] Calculating Shunt Fraction (Qp/Qs) Using Echocardiography: A Guide to Methods and Clinical Relevance The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic parameter…

…clinical deterioration and should be avoided in the absence of life threatening complications (e.g., angioedema, hyperkalemia). Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management…

…in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor. Combining aspirin with a P2Y12 inhibitor produces dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), while treatment with one antiplatelet…

…true atypical flutter is considered a post hoc diagnosis, confirmed only after the circuit has been fully outlined and dependence on the CTI has been…

…and insulin resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy Some antiretroviral therapies Post…

…post procedural luminal diameter A high degree of residual stenosis Long lesion length Diabetes Untreated edge dissection DES have reduced restenosis compared with BMS, and…

…expected BNP and NT proBNP concentrations despite comparable or greater ventricular wall stress, probably because of suppression of natriuretic peptide production or post translational modification…

…telemetry devices, are generally preferred over devices that require post completion processing. If symptoms remain elusive and extended monitoring exceeding 3 weeks is necessary, an…

…and symptoms LV thrombus may be clinically silent and discovered during post infarction imaging. When embolization occurs, presentation depends on the vascular territory involved and…

…upper reference limit (URL). It is considered acute when there is a rise and/or fall in cTn values. An elevated cTn alone does not…

…to as post ischemic T waves . Such T waves are seen after periods of ischemia, after infarction and after successful reperfusion (PCI). Post ischemic T…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…the end of expiration. It provides an integrated view of ventilation , metabolism , and perfusion . Carbon dioxide, a byproduct of aerobic metabolism, is transported from the…

…intubation, and prolonged ICU admissions. Pending the correct level of care, the following actions can be performed. CPR Initiate CPR in adherence to standard guidelines…

…Optimal management of sudden cardiac arrest requires comprehensive efforts and resources, ranging from continuously training laymen in the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care…

…for acute severe heart failure. A recent echocardiographic examination should be available or performed urgently to evaluate ventricular and valvular function. Levosimendan drug is generally…

…the heart Trauma Tuberculousis Neoplasms (cancer) Post cardiac surgery (hemorrhagic pericarditis). Symptoms of acute pericarditis/myocarditis There are two forms of pericarditis: acute and chronic…

…Over the past three decades, invasive physiological indices, led by fractional flow reserve (FFR), have been validated against outcomes and shown to outperform visual angiographic…

…to assess whether an occlusion has been resolved and blood flow has been restored. This assessment is performed daily in the catheterization laboratory in patients…

…has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development, and progress in our understanding…

…diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended methods evaluate left atrial and left ventricular function, geometry, and various Doppler parameters…

Echocardiography Standardized myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods…

…Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) and Grown Up Congenital Heart (GUCH) disease Survival in congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased dramatically over the past few decades…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. Over the past…

…heterogeneous, ranging from lifelong asymptomatic ECG anomalies to electrical storm and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past three decades, the…

…The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades…

…valves and valve prostheses. As always, foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease) Coronary artery disease, which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common…

…of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years…

…neutropenic fever is limited, but delayed antibiotics are associated with a worse outcome in sepsis and in several studies of neutropenic patients. In septic shock…

…and backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should get behind the wax and…

…within the past 24 hours — the fluid leaks out through the old hole. Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis…