…than NSTEMI, and up to two thirds of infarctions are anterior. The risk of ACS is greatest during the third trimester and postpartum period, although…

…orthopnoea and new sweating. Oliguria, dark urine or rapidly developing swelling. Pregnancy, gestational week and recent delivery. Pre eclampsia can present postpartum. Known hypertension and…

…New onset postpartum preeclampsia is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during the postpartum period. Maternal and obstetric complications Immediate…

…the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of cardiac arrest. Should cardiac arrest occur postpartum, hemorrhage must be…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first…

…pericarditis containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Important distinction from subacute cardiac rupture A post AMI pericardial effusion is not automatically attributable to Dressler syndrome. A pericardial effusion…

…hospital discharge is only 8.8%, which demonstrates that the majority of patients will not survive post resuscitation care. Among those who survive to hospitalization…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Definition and Pathophysiology The conceptual understanding of myocardial infarction (MI) has evolved significantly over the past century. Initial post mortem…

…fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial fibrillation ≤3 days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is only administered…

…with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits, their use is limited by specific adverse…

…serial electrocardiography, and cardiac troponin findings. The default treatment after ACS, whether or not PCI is performed, is 12 months of DAPT unless there is…

…cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an adverse prognostic sign. Notably, the presence of dilated, nonreactive pupils 48 hours post cardiac arrest is a…

…limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation. The decisive step is therefore not the choice of dressing but the…

…evolved from early post infarction physical activity programmes into a structured centre of secondary cardiovascular prevention in which exercise, lifestyle intervention, education, and guideline directed…

…obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient…

…In this post I would like to discuss hot topics related to coronary artery disease and I will emphasize on issues that are typically raised…

…of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast induced…

…vessel closure and decreased the need for emergency CABG. Metal only stents, now termed BMS, reduced restenosis compared with balloon angioplasty but did not eliminate…

…ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of lipid lowering therapy may leave patients exposed to avoidable risk. Contemporary guidance…

…include: Symptoms attributable to chronic LV systolic dysfunction and HF Angina, although its absence does not exclude ischemic cardiomyopathy Symptoms related to recurrent ischemia Symptoms…

…and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are standard due to superior efficacy over monophasic devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect…

…return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is typically not sustained at temperatures below 30°C. Concurrent Hypothermia and Asphyxia in Avalanche Incidents Hypothermia coupled with asphyxia is…

…This is because it does not ensure complete drainage of the pericardium, and needles or catheters are at risk of bending or damage during chest…

…source.gif). ECG changes caused by pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Small amounts of pericardial effusion may not cause any ECG changes. Significant pericardial effusion…

…local availability. Betamethasone (Betapred 4 mg/mL) is water soluble and short acting, not a depot preparation, and gives a shorter duration of effect. Lidocaine…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…Doppler alignment may skew results. Assumptions : Formulas assume laminar flow and circular LVOT/RVOT geometry, which may not hold in all patients. Error in Calculation …

…clinical deterioration and should be avoided in the absence of life threatening complications (e.g., angioedema, hyperkalemia). Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management…

…maintenance treatment. The source material does not specify the loading dose. Efficacy and harms In secondary prevention trials involving patients with previous vascular disease, aspirin…

…terms non CTI dependent MRAT and atypical flutter are used interchangeably to describe flutter waves on the ECG that do not suggest a typical circuit…

…and insulin resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy Some antiretroviral therapies Post…

…both ISR and stent thrombosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently the most suitable imaging modality for detecting neoatherosclerosis, although its resolution does not consistently…

…lives therefore differ substantially: approximately 20 minutes for BNP and 90 minutes for NT proBNP. Consequently, plasma concentrations of the two peptides are not interchangeable…

…telemetry devices, are generally preferred over devices that require post completion processing. If symptoms remain elusive and extended monitoring exceeding 3 weeks is necessary, an…

…post infarction imaging. When embolization occurs, presentation depends on the vascular territory involved and may include systemic arterial embolic manifestations. The source material does not…

…URL). It is considered acute when there is a rise and/or fall in cTn values. An elevated cTn alone does not establish MI, because…

…to as post ischemic T waves . Such T waves are seen after periods of ischemia, after infarction and after successful reperfusion (PCI). Post ischemic T…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…ETCO 2 should not be the sole determinant for terminating CPR or initiating ECMO ( Paiva et al ). If both ETCO 2 and other indicators suggest…

…intubation, and prolonged ICU admissions. Pending the correct level of care, the following actions can be performed. CPR Initiate CPR in adherence to standard guidelines…

…Optimal management of sudden cardiac arrest requires comprehensive efforts and resources, ranging from continuously training laymen in the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care…

…for acute severe heart failure. A recent echocardiographic examination should be available or performed urgently to evaluate ventricular and valvular function. Levosimendan drug is generally…

…the heart Trauma Tuberculousis Neoplasms (cancer) Post cardiac surgery (hemorrhagic pericarditis). Symptoms of acute pericarditis/myocarditis There are two forms of pericarditis: acute and chronic…

…Over the past three decades, invasive physiological indices, led by fractional flow reserve (FFR), have been validated against outcomes and shown to outperform visual angiographic…

…to assess whether an occlusion has been resolved and blood flow has been restored. This assessment is performed daily in the catheterization laboratory in patients…

…has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development, and progress in our understanding…

…diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended methods evaluate left atrial and left ventricular function, geometry, and various Doppler parameters…

Echocardiography Standardized myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods…

…Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) and Grown Up Congenital Heart (GUCH) disease Survival in congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased dramatically over the past few decades…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. Over the past…

…heterogeneous, ranging from lifelong asymptomatic ECG anomalies to electrical storm and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past three decades, the…

…Yet, autopsies are often not performed due to the high costs. The difficulties in determining the cause of out of hospital cardiac arrest are reflected…

…required to become vulnerable and contaminated by bacteria . Infections are difficult to heal because the heart valves are not vascularized and therefore it is difficult…

…It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into the coronary artery…

…the cheapest and most accessible method of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than it is used — not only in…

…malignancy, stem cell transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs, radiotherapy, bone marrow failure and certain targeted cancer treatments. Fever is not obligatory Hypothermia, new confusion, tachypnoea, hypotension, rigors…

…not beyond the hair bearing skin. 5. Direct the jet upwards and backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not…

…at insertion; a blood gas and electrolytes can be interpreted, but some laboratories do not accept marrow blood in their analysers — check locally. Contraindications Peripheral…