…zero, and several syndromes can overlap [1,4]. Time after a clear reduction or the last intake Common clinical picture : : 4 to 12 hours Tremor…

…in bed, lying down, standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom free interval between attacks, with possible residual unsteadiness. No hearing loss, tinnitus or…

…injury. Eclampsia is the occurrence of new onset seizures or coma in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. HELLP syndrome—haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes or transaminases…

…pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II…

…al) These reference values are the best available for the neonatal period. The intervals are 98% confidence intervals (the mean is presented in the parenthesis)…

…al) These reference values are the best available for the neonatal period. The intervals are 98% confidence intervals (the mean is presented in the parenthesis)…

…10% to <20% Very high ≥20% The risk categories are distinct from the treatment threshold used in the BP guidelines. For adults with elevated BP…

…be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of rapid ventricular rate (Table 1). Children and healthy adults may also develop tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy …

…service. Contraindications An expressed refusal by the deceased — in the donation register, on a donor card, or through statements made to the next of kin…

…dominant syndrome (4). Figure 1 . 12 lead ECG (presented according to Cabrera), recorded at 63 years of age, demonstrates concave upward ST segment depression in…

…coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia. It includes patients with recent changes in symptoms or clinical…

…older adults with markedly limited physical activity. Traditional labels such as “typical” and “atypical” angina have limited value, particularly in patients with microvascular dysfunction or…

…of the pharmacological route used. In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of lipid…

…the effusion develops in the early post infarction period. Clinical presentation and symptoms The characteristic clinical syndrome consists of: Malaise Fever Pericardial or chest discomfort…

…risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers, cardiovascular risk falls within…

…that compresses the true lumen. The resulting reduction in coronary blood flow may produce myocardial ischaemia, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), or, rarely…

…acceleration in heart rate : If the heart rate accelerates suddenly, the bundle branches may not be able to accommodate (i.e shorten) their refractory periods…

…etc. Most cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less…

…in clinical practice. Chronic flutter is, however, very rare. Thus, as compared with atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter is not capable of persisting for longer periods…

…good neurological function, which is why CPR should be considered even with extended no flow periods, in cases of unwitnessed cardiac arrests, as well as…

…shockable, as seen in certain causes of cardiac arrest (e.g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under…

…AV blocks during or after the tachycardia episode. Under certain circumstances, bradycardia can actually reduce conduction through the AV node, resulting in increased AV block…

…Shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation, pulseless ventricular tachycardia) are mostly due to acute myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction, and in these cases, the likelihood of ROSC…

…rhythm is shockable). This is explained by the fact that there are no means of determining what phase the patient is in. The three phases…

…or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient category Transfusion threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult…

…Stress dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), secondary adrenal insufficiency or long term corticosteroid treatment cannot increase…

…has been achieved, 7 days in bacteraemia or cefotaxime plus metronidazole 1 g × 3 IV plus 1.5 g for the first dose, then 1…

…prosthesis in the adjacent joint. Known hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or…

…or when the expiratory time has reached 15 seconds. In 2019 ATS/ERS removed the previous minimum requirement of 6 seconds in adults and 3…

…a hydrogel or silicone elastomer coating may remain for up to twelve weeks, latex with a PTFE coating for a shorter period. Procedure In men…

…1% at 5 years. Stent thrombosis remains clinically important because interruption of antiplatelet therapy, particularly in the perioperative period, may increase risk. The risk is…

…patient to disproportionate bleeding risk. Shortening treatment may reduce bleeding but can increase myocardial infarction or stent thrombosis in some ACS populations; prolonging treatment may…

…I status with Level B evidence in the chronic coronary syndrome lipid lowering recommendations. Acute coronary syndrome The period immediately following ACS is associated with…

…adults with confirmed hypertension, initial treatment with two agents is recommended. European guidance gives this strategy a Class I recommendation with Level B evidence in…

…V6 normally displays large R waves in adults (refer to The Normal ECG). The fetal circulation During the fetal period and the first month of…

…statin treatment is more effective than moderate intensity treatment in reducing major cardiovascular events. Acute coronary syndromes The period immediately after ACS is particularly vulnerable…

…least once in every adult’s lifetime. Testing is particularly relevant in: individuals with premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia or very high…

…Conversely, asynchronous pacing may rarely result in pacing during ventricular repolarization and provoke ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. The likelihood of clinically significant EMI is…

…resting period is advised. 4. Which of the following describes a 'Black athlete repolarization variant' considered a normal ECG finding? A: T wave inversion in…

…ventricular tachycardia (VT) rates. It may also be effective in fetal, pediatric patients, and young adults with congenital heart disease. Initiation Strategies Because of its…

…the first year, although the available material does not establish a significant increase in late morbidity or mortality attributable to these events. Clinical presentation and…

… However, T wave inversions that are accompanied by ST segment deviation (either depression or elevation) is representative of ischemia (but in that scenario, it is…

…clinical entity typically associated with drug induced long QT syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]. The condition arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk…

…and acute myocardial infarction are categorized under acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions…

…often check pupil size and reactivity as part of initial and ongoing evaluations of patients in cardiac arrest or after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)…

…WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism…

…for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant…

…levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia. Most patients…

…recovery period, during which the patient is still carefully observed, follows after the exercise effort is terminated. Reliability as a function of workload In order…

…V6 normally displays large R waves in adults (refer to The Normal ECG). The fetal circulation During the fetal period and the first month of…

…iFR / RFR / Pd Pa / dPR) Resting Pd/Pa during the diastolic “wave free period” (iFR) or the lowest ratio across the full cardiac cycle (RFR)…

…often referred to as Wenckebach periods . Prognosis in second degree AV block Mobitz type 1 Mobitz type I block may occur in younger healthy individuals …

…therapy. It is very common that patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that aggravate or even cause the bradycardia; in such scenarios…

…line is placed in the valve orifice. The ultrasound machine displays the recorded flows as the spectral curve (Pulsed wave Doppler or Continuous wave Doppler…

…increasing coronary blood flow. In circumstances with non shockable rhythm or with prolonged periods of VF (fine VF resistant to defibrillations), the purpose of CPR…