…develops in the early post infarction period. Clinical presentation and symptoms The characteristic clinical syndrome consists of: Malaise Fever Pericardial or chest discomfort Leukocytosis Elevated…

…periods of sinus node dysfunction occur after tachyarrhythmia; the combination of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic syndrome…

…haematoma that compresses the true lumen. The resulting reduction in coronary blood flow may produce myocardial ischaemia, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), or…

…or long term corticosteroid treatment cannot increase their own cortisol production. Situation Action : : Fever, infection or gastroenteritis at home Double or triple the oral daily…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…period Table 1. Normal limits for ECG parameters during neonatal period (Davignon et al) These reference values are the best available for the neonatal period…

…period Table 1. Normal limits for ECG parameters during neonatal period (Davignon et al) These reference values are the best available for the neonatal period…

Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of rapid ventricular rate (Table 1). Children and healthy adults may…

…Indirect criteria after circulatory arrest, following a five minute no touch period The circulation at retrieval Maintained up to retrieval Ceased; warm ischaemic time is…

…Denmark, Netherlands and United Kingdom reported a novel ECG syndrome characterized by widespread ST segment depressions and an increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest. They…

…stable for prolonged periods, it can progress or destabilize abruptly, leading to ACS. Thus, “disease” refers to the underlying coronary pathology, whereas “syndrome” describes its…

…state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly, leading to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Clinical…

…of the pharmacological route used. In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of lipid…

…and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers…

…will be blocked at that point. The length of the refractory period (see Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology) varies with heart rate. The length is shortened as…

…Figure 4. Intermittent failure to capture. Figure 5. Failure to capture during the refractory period. Figure 6. Tachyarrhythmia with ventricular pacing. Failure to capture Definition…

…as compared with atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter is not capable of persisting for longer periods of time. This is due to the fact that atrial…

…In such instances, favorable neurological outcomes are possible even with prolonged periods of no blood flow, due to the reduced metabolic rate that accompanies declining…

…seen in certain causes of cardiac arrest (e.g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances…

…should be viewed as approximations due to the following: Registry data indicate that survival is possible with longer periods of no flow ( Rawshani et al…

…Table 1). Phase Period Optimal treatment Electrical phase 0 to 4 minutes Defibrillation Circulatory phase 4 to 10 minutes Compressions and ventilation, followed by defibrillation…

…begin before the blood alcohol concentration has reached zero, and several syndromes can overlap [1,4]. Time after a clear reduction or the last intake…

…care 70 g/L Known cardiovascular disease, postoperatively after cardiac surgery 80 g/L Acute coronary syndrome 80 g/L; a higher threshold may be…

…is not a test for BPPV. It is used in the acute vestibular syndrome — continuous vertigo with spontaneous nystagmus, nausea and difficulty walking that has…

…3 IV Do not treat asymptomatic bacteriuria. The exceptions are pregnancy and the period before a urological procedure. A positive urine dipstick in an older…

…Medial epicondylitis At the flexor origin Avoid the ulnar nerve Carpal tunnel syndrome The carpal tunnel An acceptable bridge to surgery De Quervain's tenosynovitis…

…standard). Patient preparation — given with the appointment letter: Drug or habit Period to be withheld before the test : : Short acting beta 2 agonist (salbutamol, terbutaline…

…hydrogel or silicone elastomer coating may remain for up to twelve weeks, latex with a PTFE coating for a shorter period. Procedure In men 1…

…1% at 5 years. Stent thrombosis remains clinically important because interruption of antiplatelet therapy, particularly in the perioperative period, may increase risk. The risk is…

…receptor inhibitor. It is central to the prevention of platelet mediated coronary thrombosis after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Aspirin irreversibly…

…with Level B evidence in the chronic coronary syndrome lipid lowering recommendations. Acute coronary syndrome The period immediately following ACS is associated with particularly high…

…It may also reduce treatment inertia, in which patients remain on an inadequate single drug regimen for prolonged periods. The evidence supports improved blood pressure…

…ECG). The fetal circulation During the fetal period and the first month of life the right ventricle is larger than the left ventricle. This is…

…intensity treatment in reducing major cardiovascular events. Acute coronary syndromes The period immediately after ACS is particularly vulnerable, with recurrent cardiovascular events concentrated early after…

…A repeat test may be reasonable after menopause when a premenopausal value was borderline, because levels may increase during this period. Cascade testing of parents…

…intrinsic rhythm may develop prolonged pauses. Pacing dependent patients therefore require protection against inhibition during the period of anticipated EMI. The perioperative strategy should also…

…injury. Eclampsia is the occurrence of new onset seizures or coma in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. HELLP syndrome—haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes or transaminases…

…aerobic activity. If the heart rate is greater than 100 beats/min, repeating the ECG after a longer resting period is advised. 4. Which of…

…days to attain a steady state concentration before further adjusting the dose. Electrophysiology Sotalol prolongs the effective refractory periods of the atrium, atrioventricular (AV) node…

…1 year Very late More than 1 year Traditional definitions focused on cases presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and confirmed by angiography or pathology…

…inversions are referred to as post ischemic T waves . Such T waves are seen after periods of ischemia, after infarction and after successful reperfusion (PCI)…

…Management Definition and Clinical Characteristics Torsades de pointes (TdP) represents a multifactorial clinical entity typically associated with drug induced long QT syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]…

…acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Note that unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction are categorized under acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism…

…finding that reflects brainstem (midbrain) function. In the context of cardiac arrest and the post resuscitation period, assessment of the PLR has long been considered…

…developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose…

…levels above 95%. Given the young age of these patients and the typically short periods of no flow and low flow, the early consideration of…

…of complete ischemia. After this period the cells die and the cell membranes collapse whereby cellular proteins are released into the circulation. It is possible…

…period (at a low workload), followed by a successive (graded) increase in workload. The increase in workload occurs with predefined time intervals. A recovery period…

…adults (refer to The Normal ECG). The fetal circulation During the fetal period and the first month of life, the right ventricle is larger than…

…iFR / RFR / Pd Pa / dPR) Resting Pd/Pa during the diastolic “wave free period” (iFR) or the lowest ratio across the full cardiac cycle (RFR)…

…only to repeat the cycle again. These cycles are often referred to as Wenckebach periods . Prognosis in second degree AV block Mobitz type 1 Mobitz…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Sinus node dysfunction and sick sinus syndrome Sinus node dysfunction is an umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity…

…referred to as the VTI (Velocity Time Integral) , and it measures how far blood travels during the time period. VTI is also called stroke distance…

…increasing coronary blood flow. In circumstances with non shockable rhythm or with prolonged periods of VF (fine VF resistant to defibrillations), the purpose of CPR…