…a strip cut from a glove, petrolatum impregnated packing strip or a vessel loop for loop drainage. Gauze, absorbent dressing. Local anaesthesia works poorly in…

…3 — anterior packing A compressed nasal tampon: 1. Coat the tampon with antibiotic ointment and trim it to the length of the nasal cavity. 2…

…Immediate (transcutaneous) pacing in bradycardia with haemodynamic compromise — hypotension, shock, impaired consciousness, heart failure, myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete…

…However, sensing of spontaneous atrial activity (P waves) without subsequent ventricular activity (QRS) should result in pacing in the ventricles. To sense correctly, the pacemaker…

…one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the 1930s, to a routine, safe…

…Figure 2. Atrial pacing with normal conduction to the ventricles via the AV system. The ventricles are depolarized via the His Purkinje network, resulting in…

…may rely on continuous biventricular pacing for haemodynamic stability. In patients with resynchronization devices, maintaining CRT during surgery is recommended to provide better haemodynamic stability…

…pacing related repolarization changes, and inadequate coronary flow relative to myocardial oxygen demand. Consequently, an elevated cardiac troponin concentration and new ST segment depression in…

…protocols. Note that while cardioversion restores sinus rhythm in up to 95% of patients, long term maintenance (particularly in persistent AF) remains the greater challenge.

…Failure to pace. Figure 2. Failure to sense. Atrial pacing occurs after the intrinsic P wave. Figure 3. Failure to capture. The pacemaker paces in…

…and one in the right ventricle. If necessary, both leads can be used for pacing and sensing. Figure 2. Pacemaker lead. Lead fixation to the…

…Harmful neurohormonal pathways are activated, similar to those seen in heart failure. A thorough review on the pathophysiology of tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy is provided by…

…according to local protocol. 6. Look for several concurrent causes. In older patients delirium is often multifactorial. 7. Start non pharmacological treatment immediately , in parallel…

…µg/kg/min A bridge to pacing Magnesium 2 g IV over 10 min 25–50 mg/kg Torsades de pointes In an unstable tachyarrhythmia:…

…symptomatic bradycardia, temporary or permanent pacing may be required. However, transcutaneous pacing in the setting of cardiac arrest has not demonstrated clear benefit. Long term…

…of activity, unlike typical exertional angina. A precipitating factor is identifiable in up to one half of cases. Reported precipitants include vigorous physical activity, emotional…

…coronary revascularization can relieve ischemic triggers [4]. Overdrive Pacing : This technique can be utilized to stabilize the rhythm [4]. Mechanical Support : Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO…

…Although ACLS is more advanced and costly than the interventions available in BLS, the number needed to treat (NNT) for the ACLS specific interventions is…

…is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic syndrome (which includes vasovagal syncope), as well as carotid sinus hypersensitivity, can also result in bradycardia with…

…ml calcium 0.2 mmol/ml iv. Antidote to CCBs. Digoxin antibodies Binds to digoxin. Digitalis antidote (anti digoxin, Fab fragment). Given in case of…