…While dyspnea is the cardinal symptom, chest pain can be present [5]. Distinguishing Features: Pleuritic pain suggests pulmonary infarction, and a history of pain exacerbation…

…washes nitrogen out of the pleural air and speeds resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to…

…Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited discriminatory value. Features suggesting myocardial…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anatomy of the pericardium The pericardium…

…follows: [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other…

…sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women. Depression and anxiety are…

…Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant…

…Hemodynamic determinants of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO…

…all other causes have been ruled out. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia is presumably more common than previously thought and the condition may hamper the quality of…

…infectious diseases physician early in a high risk course, in instability, with resistance problems, or with suspected fungal infection 10 Document the times of triag

…atherothrombosis. It is usually precipitated by disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque through rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque disease and thrombus vary considerably…

…stenoses must be graded in order to optimize management according to disease severity. The most important parameter, for grading of stenoses, is the opening area

…components of assessment. The history should include: previous TIA or stroke; symptoms suggesting current or recent cerebral ischaemia; known CAD, PAD, or other atherosclerotic disease…

…and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs of a…

…artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity. The hallmark of stable…

…over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma…

…and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is mediated by…

…artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity. The hallmark of stable…

…recorded causes of cardiac arrest with a separate category for cardiac etiologies. Cause Definition Medical cause Includes cardiac arrest caused by heart disease, other medical…

…involvement Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A…

…Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia, cold agglutinin disease…

…chronic kidney disease, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse events is increased by…

…severe LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions, and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of LMCA involvement is therefore critical. The 12 lead electrocardiogram …

…dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand related events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More…

…coronary artery disease, potentially resulting in false negative findings. Radiotracers in myocardial perfusion imaging Radiotracers are designed to identify ischemic areas of the myocardium by…

…associated hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use, left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and…

…increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the…

…90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe…

…since it may affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for coronary artery disease…

…colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine…

…ischemia/infarction : There are numerous causes of LBBB, such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly…

…which illustrates the natural course of coronary artery disease, from risk factors to acute coronary syndromes. It also presents a classification of acute coronary syndromes…

…particularly in complex multivessel or left main disease. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical presentation of multivessel CAD varies from stable angina or exertional limitation…

…through the bundle of His, and hence it originates in the atria. In other words: tachycardias with narrow QRS complexes originate in the atria. the…

…a multifactorial disease caused by a complex interplay between genes and environment. Industrialization and a Western lifestyle are strongly related to the development of hypertension…

…our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac disease. Ultrasound systems have become cheaper, more portable, more powerful, equipped with an increasing number of methods to…

Info Table 1 provides a summary of the indications, contraindications, dosage, administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary…

…of infection. Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…This knowledge has been translated into remarkable advances in the management of coronary artery disease, as demonstrated in the figure below (from Nabel et al…

…threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those who continue. After…

…JAMA): [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other…

…claudication, the ankle pressure is measured immediately after treadmill walking or after repeated heel raises. A fall of ≥ 20 % after exercise confirms peripheral arterial disease…

…or Thromboembolism history (2 points) V ascular Disease (1 point) A ge 65 74 years (1 point) The total score ranges from 0 to 9…

…hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract…

…3 Interpretation of HEMORR₂HAGES score. Comparison with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk…

…Hypokalemia is likely to predispose to the pro arrhythmic effects of disopyramide. Structural heart disease also increases the risk of developing arrhythmias during disopyramide treatment…

…artery disease (CAD) : Myocardial perfusion imaging can confirm or rule out CAD in patients with symptoms suggestive of CAD. SPECT imaging is recommended as the…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…Proietti M, Lane DA, Lip GYH. Evaluation of the HAS BLED, ATRIA, and ORBIT bleeding risk scores in atrial fibrillation patients on warfarin. Am J…

…heart disease, it is often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism, trauma, respiratory causes, drug overdoses, etc.). Among victims in whom the…

…or verapamil, although this is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore very brief. Indications…

…Acute myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable…

…disease found fewer cardiovascular events with Mediterranean dietary interventions than with low fat control diets. In one trial of patients with previous myocardial infarction, the…

…pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant valvular disease…

…A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance…

…They supersede risk models that estimate cardiovascular mortality alone because non fatal events constitute an important component of the overall burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…