…embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute…

…in approximately 0.5–12% of angiographic series and up to 5–75% of CT series; other angiographic descriptions report rates of approximately 5–10%…

…premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore…

…other conditions that affect the ST T segment and it is fundamental to be able to differentiate these. For this purpose it is wise to…

…Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated…

…necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting conditions. Therapy must be tailored to each…

…according to the fourth universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other…

…treatment related contributors, and excess cardiovascular risk. The European definition requires failure to reduce office systolic and diastolic blood pressure to below 140 mmHg and…

…length Large thrombotic burdens increase procedural risk because thrombus can fragment, embolize to other coronary branches or vascular beds, propagate through gaps between stent struts…

…is characterised by myocyte necrosis and troponin elevation due to mechanisms other than myocardial ischaemia. Acute myocardial injury may arise from conditions such as sepsis…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden…

…with that in a normal reference region under similar haemodynamic conditions. CFR and FFR interrogate related but distinct components of coronary physiology: FFR is predominantly…

…or visual symptoms consistent with digitalis toxicity. Several underlying conditions increase a patient's sensitivity to digitalis related arrhythmias. The clinician must evaluate for the…

…a detailed symptom profile or symptom based diagnostic algorithm for each condition. Diabetes related AF may be accompanied by a greater symptom burden and AF…

…reported in patients taking ticagrelor. This is related to ticagrelor inhibiting the P2Y12 receptor on healthy donor platelets in the test. Information about concurrent ticagrelor…

…syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity…

…syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity…

…Such patients can have a mixed syndrome, with exertional angina and ST segment depression related to fixed disease, together with rest angina and ST segment…

…supply cannot increase adequately. Ischaemia begins in the subendocardium, which contributes substantially to systolic wall thickening; consequently, inducible regional systolic wall thickening abnormalities may develop…

…with neutropenia related to cancer treatment. Children, pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with CAR T cells or other advanced…

…relatively few other conventional atherosclerotic risk factors. A substantial proportion present with NSTEMI, although STEMI occurs in approximately one third. Patients with MINOCA related STEMI…

…management of another condition, or identified only by implanted or wearable devices as subclinical AF. Some patients have frequent symptomatic episodes, whereas others have brief…

…conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other…

…both conditions bring about severe chest pain and ST elevations on the ECG. However, as we will discuss below, it is actually rather straightforward to…

…and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other frequent…

…other disorders that may bring about similar ECG changes, and these are as follows: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVC/ARVD) – ARVC also tends to…

…with suspected pericardial disease. In addition to echocardiography, ECG and clinical examination, blood tests and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed…

…other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals. Atrial flutter causes characteristic ECG changes, as discussed below. Atrial flutter tends to…

…In order to reduce oxygen demands, cardiac myocytes stop contracting under anaerobic conditions (i.e during ischemia). These two measures – i.e switching to anaerobic…

…and infarction ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a spectrum of clinical conditions characterized by a recent change in symptoms or signs…

…Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes…

…if leads I, II and III would have been displayed next to each other, the T wave inversion in lead III would not be consistent…

…on the coronary arteries. The tumors can be asymptomatic for a long time and be detected randomly when investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of…

…opportunity for reperfusion. In addition, some patients present with severe LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions, and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of…

…resulting in fewer cardiac arrests caused by these conditions ( Jerkeman et al ). It is often difficult to determine the cause of an out of hospital…

…elevations that are not caused by ischemia and a significant proportion have ST T changes caused by other pathological conditions (such as bundle branch blocks)…

…paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment : Aortic…

…ultrasound conditions, a straight course to the superior vena cava, compressible if bleeding occurs, low risk of pneumothorax Uncomfortable for an awake patient, harder to…

…cardiomyopathy Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy Non compaction cardiomyopathy Peripartum cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy secondary to valvular heart disease Long term prognosis varies markedly across these conditions…

…circumstances and conditions in which CPR should be withheld in order to avoid futile attempts or subjecting the individual (and the relatives) to unwanted interventions…

…during the standard examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most pathological conditions, there are specific guidelines…

…Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding. Numerous pathological conditions cause sinus bradycardia…

…favorable prognosis, as compared with other forms of ventricular tachycardia. Mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia (VT) may emerge due to increased/abnormal automaticity, re…

…resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis…

…urine to alkalinise, and the sodium and volume load becomes pure harm. Dialysis is then the way forward. Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions…

…and other conditions incorporated into validated clinical risk tools Acute RV failure is a rapidly progressive syndrome characterized by systemic congestion resulting from impaired RV…

…other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real. Hypotension and haemodynamic instability. Respiratory compromise during an ongoing crisis. Distinguish the conditions…

…to ensure sufficient blood flow to vital organs such as the brain and kidneys. Maintaining MAP within an optimal range is crucial in managing conditions…

…and SCORE2 Older Persons (SCORE2 OP) are European risk prediction models designed to estimate 10 year risk of both fatal and non fatal CVD events…

…4. Other Systemic/Local Causes Conditions: Intraabdominal processes, pneumothorax, and herpes zoster pain are other considerations when assessing chest pain [2]. Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history…

…conditions can produce ST segment elevations that mimic acute myocardial infarction. Acute pericarditis is a primary differential diagnosis and presents with distinct characteristics compared to…

…NSTEMI are almost invariably accompanied by ST segment depressions in other leads (particularly V5) and that is not consistent with posterior transmural ischemia. To conclude…

…or transient ischemic attack Mental impairment with limited ability to cooperate Resting hypertension with systolic or diastolic blood pressures 200/110 mmHg Uncorrected medical conditions…

…under these conditions. If stress imaging results are entirely normal, further imaging may not be necessary. Rest Imaging : Conducted after a predefined interval to allow…

…established after all other causes have been ruled out. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia is presumably more common than previously thought and the condition may hamper the…

…It is actually expected that these conditions display such secondary ST T changes; the absence of such changes should lead to suspicion of ischemia (if…

…electrical impulse cannot travel directly from atrial myocardium to ventricular myocardium because the two are electrically isolated from each other by the fibrous rings ( anulus…

…structural heart disease). AVNRT, AVRT (WPW syndrome) and other conditions involving an accessory pathway. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with severe symptoms, provided that first…

…antipsychotics, which mainly affect individual symptoms. Initial management ABCDE and immediate tests Assess the withdrawal and other life threatening conditions at the same time. Sec