…embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute…

…the diagnostic method. Myocardial bridging has been identified in approximately 0.5–12% of angiographic series and up to 5–75% of CT series; other…

…Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore depend on the vascular territory involved and may…

…other conditions that affect the ST T segment and it is fundamental to be able to differentiate these. For this purpose it is wise to…

…in the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other…

…and a Western lifestyle are strongly related to the development of hypertension. Developing and non Western countries rarely display the blood pressure trajectories and high…

…in the clinical setting of acute myocardial ischaemia and is diagnosed according to the fourth universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related…

…In clinical practice, the condition is identified primarily through persistently elevated blood pressure despite multidrug treatment rather than through specific symptoms. The clinical importance lies…

…thrombus can fragment, embolize to other coronary branches or vascular beds, propagate through gaps between stent struts, and compromise the treated lumen. Conventional angiography has…

…an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, which is not related to acute coronary atherothrombosis…

…than 12 hours, immediate fibrinolysis is recommended in the absence of contraindications, followed by direct transfer to a PCI centre [1,5]. Situation Practical target…

…risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women…

…similar haemodynamic conditions. CFR and FFR interrogate related but distinct components of coronary physiology: FFR is predominantly a pressure derived index of the functional effect…

…toxicity. Several underlying conditions increase a patient's sensitivity to digitalis related arrhythmias. The clinician must evaluate for the presence of worsening renal function, advanced…

…The source material does not provide a detailed symptom profile or symptom based diagnostic algorithm for each condition. Diabetes related AF may be accompanied by…

…results in platelet function tests (including HIPA test) for HIT have been reported in patients taking ticagrelor. This is related to ticagrelor inhibiting the P2Y12…

…acute condition that occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures, which causes atherothrombosis resulting in partial (incomplete) occlusion of the coronary artery. NSTE ACS results in…

…acute condition that occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures, which causes atherothrombosis resulting in partial (incomplete) occlusion of the coronary artery. NSTE ACS results in…

…association, whereas other conventional coronary risk factors may be absent. The condition is more prevalent in Japan and South Korea than in Western populations, and…

…ischaemia needs to be defined before revascularization Residual ischaemia must be assessed after initiation of medical treatment LV function requires evaluation in the setting of…

…pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response…

…coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any potential infarct related artery. MINOCA…

…five fold, and AF is associated with roughly one in five strokes. Thrombus formation is most commonly related to the left atrial appendage, although competing…

…conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other…

…tend to accompany each other. Therefore, the term perimyocarditis is often used in clinical practice (this article will use all three terms interchangeably). The etiology…

…is common to use the term perimyocarditis . Hemodynamic effects of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Intrapericardial pressure increases as fluid accumulates in the pericardial space…

…syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical characteristics are in line with the disorder. There are however other disorders that may…

…fluid (exudate) to pure blood (exudate). Often pericardial effusion is detected randomly (for example, in CT, MRI, echocardiography). In other cases, the effusion is detected…

…standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult to discern because the flutter wave may fuse with the…

…that time limit, the cell will die. Figure 1. Myocardial cells require a continuous oxygen supply in order to maintain normal metabolism. If oxygen supply…

…worsen the obstruction. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial edema, and tissue inflammation promote extravascular compression, exacerbating myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In up to one…

…obstruction results in PEA and cardiac arrest within 8 minutes. Cardiac arrest as a result of asphyxia or hypoxia is managed according to the standard…

…As evident in Figure 3, if leads I, II and III would have been displayed next to each other, the T wave inversion in lead…

…randomly when investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of symptoms can be seen in arrhythmogenic tumors of the myocardium; in these cases, the tumor can…

…found to have complete LMCA occlusion, likely because most such occlusions result in prehospital cardiac arrest and death. As in other acute coronary events, the…

…resulting in fewer cardiac arrests caused by these conditions ( Jerkeman et al ). It is often difficult to determine the cause of an out of hospital…

…if the opportunity is given. An ECG without ischemic ST T changes when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other…

…pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment…

…ultrasound conditions, a straight course to the superior vena cava, compressible if bleeding occurs, low risk of pneumothorax Uncomfortable for an awake patient, harder to…

…secondary to valvular heart disease Long term prognosis varies markedly across these conditions. The prognosis in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy may be poorer than the prognosis…

…The term do not attempt CPR (DNA CPR) describes circumstances and conditions in which CPR should be withheld in order to avoid futile attempts or…

…If pathology is discovered during the standard examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most pathological conditions…

…of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding. Numerous pathological conditions cause sinus bradycardia. The most important…

…studies conducted in the late 1950s, 1960 and 1961 showed that VT could be terminated by delivering an electrical shock. This prompted physicians to construct…

…out of the pleural air and speeds resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines…

…urine to alkalinise, and the sodium and volume load becomes pure harm. Dialysis is then the way forward. Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions…

…refers to refractory cardiogenic shock or the need for ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Mechanical circulatory support, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), may be required in this…

…Assessment of whether residual weakness in a patient with known myasthenia responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and…

…to ensure sufficient blood flow to vital organs such as the brain and kidneys. Maintaining MAP within an optimal range is crucial in managing conditions…

…do not already have a condition conferring sufficiently high cardiovascular risk. They should not be applied as the principal risk tool in people with: Documented…

…diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness, pressure, and discomfort in the chest…

…involvement overlying the atria [4, 5]. Other Differential Diagnoses ST segment elevations simulating acute ischemia or infarction may also occur in the following conditions [15…

…distinguish the two conditions in the vast majority of cases: Right ventricular hypertrophy shifts the electrical axis to the right. The terminal portion of the…

…imaging is recommended as the initial study in patients with low to moderate risk of CAD. In patients with a high to very high risk…

…images involves a systematic comparison of rest and stress images to assess myocardial ischemia and infarction. The key steps in this process are outlined below…

…This is due to altered tone in the autonomic nervous system, with increased sympathetic input (leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and parasympathetic withdrawal…

…changes are referred to as secondary ST T changes. It is actually expected that these conditions display such secondary ST T changes; the absence of…

…This condition is referred to as pre excitation (the ventricles are excited prematurely; refer to Figure 4, third panel). As illustrated in Figure 4 the…

…and other conditions involving an accessory pathway. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with severe symptoms, provided that first line therapies have failed and the patient…

…antipsychotics, which mainly affect individual symptoms. Initial management ABCDE and immediate tests Assess the withdrawal and other life threatening conditions at the same time. Sec