…necessary to develop the disorder. Till now (2016) more than 12 genetic mutations have been associated with the Brugada syndrome. These mutations are located in…

…X linked condition may develop a phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is predominantly associated with variants affecting…

…250–300 people and is the most common inherited metabolic disorder associated with premature cardiovascular disease. Prevalence is higher in populations with a founder effect…

…persons with significant heart disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease. However, most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular…

…treated in the same broad category as a patient with coronary artery disease when clinically appropriate. Other coronary anomalies Anomalous coronary origin and course can…

…takotsubo cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure are among the conditions associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS…

…chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness…

…not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin, so biomarker interpretation must be integrated with the clinical history, ECG…

…opportunity for reperfusion. In addition, some patients present with severe LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions, and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of…

…Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes…

…level, producing atrioventricular (AV) or intraventricular blocks. Isolated sinus bradycardia in the early hours following infarction may be associated with hemodynamic compromise. More broadly, bradyarrhythmic…

…associated with a greater cardiovascular risk among those with resistant hypertension, including older age, Black ethnicity, elevated body mass index, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease…

…thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material…

…Rest Imaging : Conducted after a predefined interval to allow for radiotracer clearance or with a different radiotracer to capture myocardial blood flow under baseline conditions…

…acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, active cancer, and other conditions incorporated into validated clinical risk tools Acute RV failure…

…discharged with intact neurological function were observed to lack a pupillary reflex upon their initial presentation. An absent pupillary reflex upon presentation was associated with…

…to vital organs than systolic blood pressure alone. Predictive Value : Elevated MAP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke…

…normal FFR and CFR are associated with an excellent prognosis, whereas discordant measurements require interpretation in the context of the clinical presentation and other findings…

…consistent with first degree AV block. A shortened PR interval (<0,12 s) indicates pre excitation (presence of an accessory pathway). This is associated with…

…diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other…

…those of STEMI associated with obstructive atherosclerotic disease. Patients with MINOCA tend to be younger and more often female than patients with atherosclerotic mediated myocardial…

…T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four fold increase in lifetime cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and approximately…

…is common after myocardial infarction and it is associated with poorer survival. Patients with unstable angina pectoris with low risk (according to TIMI score or…

…hemolytic anemia associated with neurological findings, renal failure, or fever. It's a potentially fatal condition that requires prompt treatment, including plasmapheresis. Interference with Platelet…

…2008 by Haïssaguerre et al it was reported that early repolarization was associated with 3–5 times as great a risk of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation…

…the authors have confused a completely benign condition (male/female pattern) with a condition which is associated with 5 times as great a risk of…

…in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response. A neutropenic patient with a…

…can coexist, and this combination is associated with a worse prognosis. VA may occur in the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), in non…

…and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores…

…The following genes are associated with ARVC: CTNNA3 DES DSC2 DSG2 DSP JUP LMNA PKP2 PLN RYR2 TGFB3 TMEM43 TTN Clinical characteristics of ARVC ARVC…

…stroke risk is increased approximately five fold, and AF is associated with roughly one in five strokes. Thrombus formation is most commonly related to the…

ECG Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Pericarditis, myocarditis and perimyocarditis: ECG changes and clinical features The pericardium is a double walled sac in which the heart…

…and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other frequent…

…echocardiography, good conditions are obtained for visualizing the pericardium, its surroundings, the myocardium and valves. ECG is recorded in all patients with suspected pericardial disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…a spectrum of clinical conditions characterized by a recent change in symptoms or signs, with or without electrocardiographic changes, and with or without acute elevations…

…is, from left superior basal to right inferior. In other words, the following order: aVL, I, −aVR (i.e., lead aVR with reversed polarity), II…

…investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of symptoms can be seen in arrhythmogenic tumors of the myocardium; in these cases, the tumor can debut with…

…of cardiac arrest with a separate category for cardiac etiologies. Cause Definition Medical cause Includes cardiac arrest caused by heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary…

…elevations that are not caused by ischemia and a significant proportion have ST T changes caused by other pathological conditions (such as bundle branch blocks)…

…overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment : Aortic dissection with haemopericardium…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

…table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above…

…cardiomyopathy Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy Non compaction cardiomyopathy Peripartum cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy secondary to valvular heart disease Long term prognosis varies markedly across these conditions…

…therapy with multiple antihypertensives is often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting conditions…

…in an individual with any likelihood of survival, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be started. If cardiac arrest is an expected consequence of a disease course …

…during the standard examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most pathological conditions, there are specific guidelines…

…Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding. Numerous pathological conditions cause sinus bradycardia…

…Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia has a more favorable prognosis, as compared with other forms of ventricular tachycardia. Mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia (VT) may emerge…

…resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis…

…Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic…

…other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real. Hypotension and haemodynamic instability. Respiratory compromise during an ongoing crisis. Distinguish the conditions…

…have a condition conferring sufficiently high cardiovascular risk. They should not be applied as the principal risk tool in people with: Documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease …

…Several nonischemic conditions can produce ST segment elevations that mimic acute myocardial infarction. Acute pericarditis is a primary differential diagnosis and presents with distinct characteristics…

…acute ischemia. Both these conditions cause ST segment depressions in V1–V3 along with large R waves ( Figure 2 shows right ventricular hypertrophy). The following…

…patients with known CAD or after myocardial infarction. Assessing myocardial viability: Myocardial perfusion imaging can determine whether dysfunctional myocardium or myocardium supplied by a diseased…

…with increased sympathetic input (leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and parasympathetic withdrawal. Sinus tachycardia secondary to disease and medications : A wide range of…

…conditions display such secondary ST T changes; the absence of such changes should lead to suspicion of ischemia (if the patient has symptoms consistent with…

…depression). As mentioned above there are numerous other conditions that affect the ST T segment and it is fundamental to be able to differentiate these…