…CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C…

…indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two principal settings: After ACS , whether managed medically or with revascularization…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM…

…plasma concentrations correlate well with oral doses, averaging approximately 0.5 mg/L (0.5 µg/mL) for each 100 mg/day at doses between…

…ulcer A proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of ulcer, not routinely Infection Consider Pneumocystis prophylaxis with high doses over a…

…IV 8 days including oral step down Hospital acquired pneumonia, severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics…

…with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A markedly raised blood pressure without acute target organ damage should not normally be lowered rapidly with…

…markedly raised blood pressure without acute organ damage should as a rule not be lowered rapidly with intravenous drugs. Restart or optimise oral treatment and…

…among the common opioids in renal failure Ketobemidone IV 2.5–5 mg Oral bioavailability about 35 per cent Paracetamol PO or IV 1 g …

…direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated. Antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly triple positive disease or after an arterial event, where DOACs have proved inferior. Atrial fibrillation with…

…No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is considered for male patients with a score of 1 or more…

…moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or…

…The principal oral P2Y12 inhibitors discussed in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor. Combining aspirin with a P2Y12 inhibitor produces dual antiplatelet therapy…

…is severe blood pressure elevation accompanied by acute hypertension mediated target organ damage (HMOD). The European definition uses BP ≥180/110 mmHg with acute HMOD…

…cooling. Cold oral fluids. Heat syncope Discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, syncope. Cold environment. Cold intravenous fluids (1 2 L crystalloid, with rate 500 ml/h). Cold…

…1973, it was the first time to describe how echocardiography (M mode) can be used to diagnose endocarditis. With 2D and later 3D ultrasound, the…

…before irrigating. 5. Let the pus drain out. Empty it with gentle pressure around the cavity, not by pressing hard on the surrounding healthy t

…daily 400 mg twice daily 400 mg once daily 400 mg once daily Oral antibiotics Drug eGFR 90 60 89 30 59 15 29 <15 …

…in any of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes…

…the electrode. A glass of water with a straw, a vomit bowl, tissues, suction. Monitoring with ECG, blood pressure and saturation throughout the investigation. Explain…

…be lowered, preferably allowing the prone position. Monitoring: pulse oximetry, blood pressure, ECG and capnography during sedation, with oxygen and a bag available. Drugs for…

…Estimating renal function Formula Used for : : CKD EPI 2021 (creatinine) The first choice for eGFR in adults Cystatin C based eGFR With an atypical muscle…

…samples were taken at the right times, and whether you know which decision threshold your own laboratory's method uses. In a suspected Addisonian crisis…

…to 32–36 °C. The HYPERION result means that active hypothermia is still used in some units with a non shockable rhythm; this is the…

…increase bleeding risk, including oral anticoagulants, clopidogrel, NSAIDs, or fibrinolytics. For patients with active bleeding requiring reversal of prasugrel's pharmacological effect, platelet transfusion may…

…risk; whether long term oral anticoagulation is required; tolerance of treatment during the initial months. Patients with HBR are the principal candidates for abbreviated DAPT…

…driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved…

…with anticoagulation is highly effective in reducing stroke risk. Wrfarin and novel oral anticoagulants can reduce the risk of stroke by 70%, as compared with…

…becomes oval when the skin is released, which allows neater closure. 4. Place the punch perpendicular to the skin and rotate under even pressure until…

…routine, safe, and sophisticated treatment used worldwide. Artificial pacemakers have benefitted immensely from advances in engineering, notably with the advent of transistors, programmable circuits, lithium…