Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL…

…30–60 minutes and persists for up to 7 days after discontinuation because platelet inhibition is irreversible. Aspirin acts through only one platelet activation pathway…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…plasma concentrations correlate well with oral doses, averaging approximately 0.5 mg/L (0.5 µg/mL) for each 100 mg/day at doses between…

…Sources Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency. The summary of product characteristics for each glucocorticoid preparation. Internetmedicin…

…8 days including oral step down Hospital acquired pneumonia, severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin…

…important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a markedly raised blood pressure in combination with new or progressive acute target organ damage. Common manifestations…

…from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]…

…be documented when the drug is started. Sources WHO guidelines on the pharmacological management of pain. The summary of product characteristics for each opioid preparation.

…whoever starts the drug is responsible for the first week. Indications A mechanical valve prosthesis — warfarin is mandatory, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated…

…0 No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is considered for male patients with a score of 1 or…

…factors. The HAS BLED score has demonstrated moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies…

…pathway, whereas P2Y12 receptor antagonists inhibit a separate platelet activation pathway. The principal oral P2Y12 inhibitors discussed in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and…

…often ICU Usually outpatient Initial treatment Carefully titrated intravenous therapy when indicated Oral treatment and prompt follow up Main risk of management Overtreatment may impair…

…6°C (97.7 99.7°F). It arises when heat production or acquisition surpasses the body's capacity for heat elimination. Hyperthermia can induce an inflammatory…

…Infections are difficult to heal because the heart valves are not vascularized and therefore it is difficult for the immune system to reach the bacteria…

…Offer nitrous oxide, oral or intravenous analgesia, or procedural sedation in advance. Inadequate analgesia is the commonest reason for an incompletely performed drainage. Procedure 1…

…good absorption and are best given orally when gut function is intact. Oral vancomycin (only for C. difficile) is likewise dosed independently of renal function…

…contraindicated, for example in asthma Contraindicated in impaired left ventricular function and together with an intravenous beta blocker Digoxin In heart failure or hypotension, or…

…patient from cooperating. Suspected base of skull fracture or marked coagulopathy argues against the nasal route; the oral route may then be considered. Preparation and…

…and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a few hours. Contraindications A fracture dislocation requiring operative treatment — contact…

…reduced G5 < 15 Kidney failure Albuminuria Albuminuria is an independent risk marker for both kidney failure and cardiovascular death — a patient with an eGFR…

…These thresholds are also assay dependent. Follow up of known HPA suppression to determine whether replacement can be stopped. The test is not the first…

…oral and tympanic measurement are not adequate — they lag behind and miss the fever. Equipment for temperature control: automated surface cooling with gel pads or…

…Infarction). Prasugrel should only be considered for patients at increased bleeding risk if the benefits of preventing ischemic events outweigh the risk of severe bleeding…

…safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating oral medical therapy for heart failure within 2 days before anticipated hospital discharge and…

…is performed, is 12 months of DAPT unless there is a contraindication, an indication for oral anticoagulation, or an excessive risk of bleeding. The duration…

…The decision to initiate oral anticoagulation (OAC) hinges on a rigorous assessment of both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risks. The diagnostic prerequisite for clinical AF remains…

…risk factors, ECG diagnosis and management Atrial fibrillation is the most common abnormal tachyarrhythmia (only sinus tachycardia is more common). The prevalence of atrial fibrillation…

…melanoma. An unclear inflammatory dermatosis in which the histology governs treatment. Suspected bullous dermatosis (which also requires a biopsy for direct immunofluorescence). Suspected cutaneous vasculitis…

…node (sinoatrial node) and intrinsic automaticity The sinus node is a small oval structure located near the entrance of the superior vena cava in the…