…is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be tolerated or when…

…indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two principal settings: After ACS , whether managed medically or with revascularization…

…1 to 2 hours. Oral onset is delayed, typically requiring 2 to 3 days, and often 1 to 3 weeks or occasionally longer; loading doses…

…as MDMA (ecstasy) or amphetamines. In either scenario, there is sustained muscle activation, leading to marked heat generation, acidosis, and the subsequent development of hyperkalemia…

…be absent or nonspecific Treatment setting Usually hospital based, often ICU Usually outpatient Initial treatment Carefully titrated intravenous therapy when indicated Oral treatment and prompt…

…acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis, and severe pre eclampsia or eclampsia. The blood pressure is often at least 180/120 mmHg, but no absolute threshold…

…a contraindication, an indication for oral anticoagulation, or an excessive risk of bleeding. The duration and intensity may be modified according to: bleeding risk; ischemic…

…oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The principal drugs identified in the source material are canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and…

…injecting into it, and expect the procedure to hurt even so. Offer nitrous oxide, oral or intravenous analgesia, or procedural sedation in advance. Inadequate analgesia…

…is incomplete: reduce the calculated equianalgesic dose by 25–50 per cent and titrate. At a high dose, in old age or in renal failure…

…score and decisions on anticoagulation Men Women Points Recommendation Evidence Recommendation Evidence 0 No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK…

…or in those taking potassium supplements. When managing albuminuria or CKD, the serum creatinine and potassium should be monitored while increasing to the maximum tolerated…

…be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory treatment (which must be tapered in a controlled fashion). The management is the opposite in each case…

…a separate platelet activation pathway. The principal oral P2Y12 inhibitors discussed in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor. Combining aspirin with a P2Y12…

…novel oral anticoagulants can reduce the risk of stroke by 70%, as compared with placebo. Besides anticoagulation, atrial fibrillation is treated with rate and/or…

…the oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration. Endocarditis with alpha streptococcus is most often subacute and…

…of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, ORBIT, and…

…both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risks. The diagnostic prerequisite for clinical AF remains the documentation of the arrhythmia via a standard 12 lead ECG or a…

…prosthesis — warfarin is mandatory, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated. Antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly triple positive disease or after an arterial event, where DOACs have…

…or optimise oral treatment and ensure follow up. Rapid lowering can worsen cerebral, coronary and renal perfusion, particularly in patients with long standing hypertension and…

…2026 and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or…

…work best with no sedation at all Oral or intravenous analgesia An intravenous opioid, titrated, preferably with an antiemetic Nitrous oxide Rapid onset and offset…

…oesophageal probe or a urinary catheter with a temperature sensor are the first choice; rectal or intravascular measurement also works. Axillary, oral and tympanic measurement…

…years ≥ 2 An oral anticoagulant is recommended A DOAC is preferred to warfarin except in a mechanical valve prosthesis and in moderate to severe mitral…

…Skin and soft tissue Diagnosis Agent Dose Duration : : : : Erysipelas phenoxymethylpenicillin 1 g × 3 (2 g × 3 if weight 90 kg) 10 days or benzylpenicillin 1…

…base of skull fracture or marked coagulopathy argues against the nasal route; the oral route may then be considered. Preparation and equipment A 12 lead…

…There, cortisol and ACTH are taken immediately, treatment is given, and the test is performed later. Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to tetracosactide or ACTH. Marked atopic…

…list (metformin, NSAIDs, RAAS blockade, gabapentin, direct oral anticoagulants) and refer to nephrology at an eGFR < 30, with rapid deterioration, or with A3 albuminuria.

…Patients receiving medications that increase bleeding risk, including oral anticoagulants, clopidogrel, NSAIDs, or fibrinolytics. For patients with active bleeding requiring reversal of prasugrel's pharmacological…

…of 2, 3, 4 and 6 mm. A size 15 scalpel, a double edged razor blade or a flexible shave blade. Artery forceps, toothed surgical…

…the heart The sinus node (sinoatrial node) and intrinsic automaticity The sinus node is a small oval structure located near the entrance of the superior…