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Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be tolerated or when…

Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Duration After Acute Coronary Syndromes and Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

…indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two principal settings: After ACS , whether managed medically or with revascularization…

Amiodarone: Loading, Maintenance Dosing and Monitoring Schedule

…1 to 2 hours. Oral onset is delayed, typically requiring 2 to 3 days, and often 1 to 3 weeks or occasionally longer; loading doses…

Cardiac arrest in hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia

…as MDMA (ecstasy) or amphetamines. In either scenario, there is sustained muscle activation, leading to marked heat generation, acidosis, and the subsequent development of hyperkalemia…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…be absent or nonspecific Treatment setting Usually hospital based, often ICU Usually outpatient Initial treatment Carefully titrated intravenous therapy when indicated Oral treatment and prompt…

Hypertensive crisis: drugs and doses

…acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis, and severe pre eclampsia or eclampsia. The blood pressure is often at least 180/120 mmHg, but no absolute threshold…

De-escalation and Shortened Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients at High Bleeding Risk

…a contraindication, an indication for oral anticoagulation, or an excessive risk of bleeding. The duration and intensity may be modified according to: bleeding risk; ischemic…

SGLT2 Inhibitors for Cardiovascular and Renal Protection

…oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The principal drugs identified in the source material are canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and…

Abscess incision and drainage

…injecting into it, and expect the procedure to hurt even so. Offer nitrous oxide, oral or intravenous analgesia, or procedural sedation in advance. Inadequate analgesia…

Opioids in acute pain: quick reference for dosing and conversion

…is incomplete: reduce the calculated equianalgesic dose by 25–50 per cent and titrate. At a high dose, in old age or in renal failure…

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