…be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome…

…oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease An acute aortic dissection is a hypertensive emergency requiring the most rapid BP response. The…

…circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to a drug, insect venom or another non food allergen 2. Acute airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise…

Emergency medicine Lathundar Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…significant dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of an emergency intubation is rarely the laryngoscopy itself but what was done before it: how well the patient was…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar About this quick reference This is a practical quick reference for emergency physicians in suspected acute ischaemic stroke. It covers time windows…

…For suspected NSTE ACS, the immediate clinical questions are: Is there a very high risk feature requiring emergency angiography? Is there a high risk feature…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department, as well as in primary…

…ECG and haemodynamics. Do not wait for troponin. If clinical suspicion persists despite an initially non diagnostic ECG, the ECG must be repeated, particularly with…

…clinical presentation, bleeding risk, the anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG…

…young individuals. The severity of symptoms and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients…

…with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime value; an independent risk marker…

…uncontrolled emergency — but it should be changed or removed once the situation has stabilised. Preparation and equipment A central line set with a triple lumen…

…and inotropic effects (Figure 1). What follows is a quick reference for their use in the emergency department, the intensive care or coronary care unit…

…to a hospital with 24/7 PCI capability, bypassing non PCI hospitals. A regional network should link emergency medical services, non PCI hospitals, PCI centres…

…In out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) the initial rhythm is recorded by the EMS (emergency medical service) team upon their arrival at the scene…

…Hence, an ECG must be performed and interpreted within 10 minutes of arrival to the care facility (typically the emergency room [ER]). It is recommended…

…death Cardiac arrest is the mechanism of death for most diseases and conditions, including non cardiovascular conditions. A cardiac arrest can be expected or unexpected…

…severity of symptoms in STEMI patients, compared to those with Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA), is attributed to the greater…

…3] . By Duration: Non sustained VT (NSVT): Defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a rate exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm), which…

…of STEMI patients should be organized regionally (including all components from the emergency medical dispatch to catheterization laboratory) in order to provide reperfusion therapy as…

…5 minutes seated or supine. White coat hypertension: office pressure above the hypertension threshold but non hypertensive home or ambulatory pressure. Masked hypertension: office pressure…

…oxygenation (ECMO). In the absence of ECMO, both non invasive and invasive rewarming techniques should be pursued. Heated intravenous fluids (crystalloids). Heated and moistened oxygen…

…CVD is related to the number and severity of cardiovascular risk factors. Five modifiable factors—systolic blood pressure, non HDL cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index…

…coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has guided clinical decision making for decades but…

…pads should be positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed…

…typically platelet rich and less occlusive, often presenting clinically as Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) rather than STEMI [4] . Calcified Nodules: A less common…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE ACS): Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA) The focus…

…and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non HDL C provides a broader estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL C alone. It is particularly informative when…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and clinical concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has…

…coronary microvascular dysfunction or vasospasm. A normal or non obstructive coronary anatomy does not necessarily exclude an ischaemic mechanism. Clinical assessment and estimation of pre…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter…

…patterns. Patients may present with: exertional angina or angina like chest discomfort; symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia despite normal or non obstructive coronary arteries; dyspnoea…

…total plaque burden or stenosis severity directly. A patient may have little or no calcium despite clinically relevant non calcified plaque, particularly in middle age…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Role Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen…

…focuses principally on ASCVD prevention and reduction of LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein B. Causes and secondary contributors A search for secondary contributors…

…work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress…

…applies where you work. They assume normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick…

…history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or…

…including: Unstable angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous…

…onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial…

…used in adults aged ≥70 years. SCORE2 OP accounts for the competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations…

…exclusively at the infarct related artery (IRA), or it may extend to additional non infarct related lesions. Culprit only revascularization treats the artery responsible for…

…the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds…

…troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). While the…

…an intraluminal thrombus. The clinical spectrum includes unstable angina, non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The traditional…

…natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI, Non STEMI) and STE ACS (STEMI) is slightly simplified. In reality…

…visual angiographic guidance in selecting lesions for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Non hyperemic pressure ratios (instantaneous wave free ratio [iFR], resting full cycle ratio [RFR]…

…Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the values are equal. Check against a manual measurement and document the…

…rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can…