…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

…increased sweating, and muscle fatigue. Although this is a subjective measure, it provides a fairly good estimate of the actual workload. The perceived exertion may…

…and monitors, one who assesses and documents muscle function. Define the outcome measure before the test. Measure the size of the ptosis in millimetres, the…

…AV nodal refractoriness. Its electrophysiologic effects on the His Purkinje system and ventricular muscle are minimal, except in cases of toxic concentrations. In most patients…

…soreness Weakness, often perceived or functional Predominant involvement of large proximal muscle groups Symptoms commonly begin within 4–6 weeks of starting treatment. They generally…

…muscle rupture causes abrupt severe MR. Its typical presentation is: Sudden severe dyspnoea. Acute pulmonary oedema. Hypotension. Progressive heart failure. Cardiogenic shock. Complete transection of…

…determine afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or by the treatment. Indications A clinically or radiologically confirmed dislocation of the shoulder…

ECG Troponin is a protein complex expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The complex consists of troponin I (TnI) , troponin C (TnC) and troponin T…

…account of fat distribution. Waist circumference and the waist–hip ratio predict cardiometabolic risk better, particularly at a BMI between 25 and 35. Body mass…

…with a low muscle mass — the elderly, the undernourished, amputees, patients with hepatic cirrhosis — creatinine based eGFR substantially overestimates renal function. Staging of chronic kidney…

…Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…and venous filling may be reduced. Other possible findings include muscle stiffening and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Pulses are absent distal to the obstruction…

…of the P wave. The P wave is a small, positive and smooth wave. It is small because the atria make a relatively small muscle…

…seen in arteries throughout the circulatory system (Figure 1). The ventricular wall consists of an inner lining (endocardium), a thick muscle layer (myocardium) and an…

…subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques…

…between the muscle fibers in these layers, which collectively produces a highly efficient pumping mechanism. Figure 1A 2C. The orientation of myocardial muscle fibers results…

…adrenergic receptors: expressed in vascular smooth muscle. Activation results in vasodilatation. D1 and D2 (dopamine receptors): activation of D1 and D2 in the kidneys and…

…does not distinguish between fat, muscle, and bone mass. It does not indicate the types or distribution of body fat. It may not be accurate…

…to provide an eGFR value normalized to a standard body surface area of 1.73 m². Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility: The MDRD equation…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…minutes. Administer sodium thiosulfate (cyanide into thiocyanate) and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea. Vomiting. Agitation. Muscle spasm. Sweating…

…cigarette smoking, hypertension and diabetes mellitus—disturb endothelial function and favour the accumulation of fat, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and extracellular matrix beneath the endothelium…

…after treatment initiation or intensification necessary. Clinical evidence for cardiovascular benefit CLEAR Outcomes CLEAR Outcomes was a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study of 13…

…utility is frequently limited by its inability to distinguish between muscle mass and various fat depots, or to identify the precise location of excess adiposity…

…larger (ventricular volume and muscle mass) than the right ventricle. Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. Cross sectional view of ventricular wall thickness in children…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2. Severe obesity is generally defined as BMI ≥35…

…Assessment Before Prescription Physical activity should be assessed and prescribed using the components of: Frequency Intensity Time or duration Type Progression The prescription should be…

…a young age in the patient or family Hypertensive first degree relatives of patients with PA Patients with hypokalaemia may develop weakness, muscle cramps or…

…because treatment often requires urgent surgical or transcatheter intervention, with temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) considered as a bridge. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Symptoms of…

…muscle cells, leading to a white, platelet rich thrombus. Myocardial vulnerability, largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of…

…coronary artery spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction (encompassing endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation), coronary embolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection…

…flow limitation. The mechanisms are incompletely defined. Proposed contributors include hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes…

…a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent muscle contraction upon administration of halogenated anesthetic agents. As an idiosyncratic response to substances such…

…etc . The purpose of such changes is simply to enable the cardiopulmonary system to increase its delivery of oxygen to skeletal muscle and myocardium. The…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…the article follows: [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle…

…larger (ventricular volume and muscle mass) than the right ventricle. Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. Cross sectional view of ventricular wall thickness in children…

…syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting the papillary muscles or the connected myocardium may cause mitral prolapse, and…

…Anatomy of the mitral valve The leaflets are connected to the papillary muscles via chordae tendineae (Figure 1). The anterolateral papillary muscle receives blood supply…

…The ECG grid. The x axis represents time and y axis represents amplitude of the electrical signals generated in the myocardium. The same ECG grid…

…the pericardial cavity and/or the myocardium. Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardium, and myocarditis refers to inflammation of the myocardial (muscle) tissue. However…

…coronary blood flow by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. They are contraindicated in patients with bronchospastic lung disease, or a history of significant reactive airway disease…

…the aorta. Afterload affects myocardial muscle fibers during systole and diastole. Afterload is a function of the following three variables: Aortic resistance (pressure). Left ventricular…

…which supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle, determines the coronary artery dominance. A right dominant system implies that the PDA is supplied by…

…ventilation–perfusion matching, increased physiological dead space and the Haldane effect. It is therefore misleading to explain the whole phenomenon as abolition of the patie

…the underlying cause. KDIGO recommends prompt investigation of reversible causes, continuing staging, and treatment directed at both the cause and the severity [1]. Three questions…

…features or an inadequate response. First line treatment is oxygen in hypoxaemia, repeated doses of an inhaled short acting β2 agonist, ipratropium in more severe…

…according to the local protocol. Tapering after pharmacological treatment Duration and dose Risk of HPA suppression Tapering : : : < 3 weeks, at any dose Low Can…

…before revascularisation. Evaluation of treatment effect in stable angina. Exercise induced arrhythmia or exercise induced syncope. Assessment of chronotropic function and pacemaker settings. Preoperative functional…

…if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself a bar to vaccination. Relative…

…posterior approach is preferable: it passes through muscle without major vessels or nerves, and the landmark — the posterior corner of the acromion — is easy to…

…artery, which runs on the posterior aspect of the rectus muscle along its lateral border and is the commonest source of serious bleeding after paracentesis…

…Treatment decisions should not be based on age alone. Assessment should include: Degree of frailty, preferably using validated clinical tests Ability to perform activities of…

…and appropriate pharmacological treatment. After myocardial infarction, rehabilitation aims to: Restore and improve functional capacity Reduce disability and rehospitalization Improve quality of life and self…

…are components of the myocardial contractile apparatus and are expressed predominantly in cardiac muscle. Troponin I is highly specific for myocardial injury. Interpretation of troponin…

…promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients. Femoral and popliteal arteries, involved in…

…and the development of myocardial fibrosis. Contractile dysfunction further aggravates the regurgitation (the regurgitation volume increases). Mechanically, wall stress (the load on individual muscle fibers)…

…Hypertrophy manifests on the ECG as increased amplitudes of the QRS complexes. The explanation is straightforward: myocardial muscle mass is increased and therefore it generates…