Pulmonary valve regurgitation Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Pulmonary valve morphology normal normal/abnormal abnormal Density CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep…

Mitral valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,69 0,69 EROA (cm²…

Tricuspid valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm…

…Thresholds vary among guideline systems: Classification Fasting triglycerides Non fasting triglycerides Mild to moderate HTG 150–499 mg/dL (1.7–5.6 mmol/L…

…hypertension. Table 1 presents the causes of pulmonary regurgitation. Mild pulmonary regurgitation is a normal echocardiographic finding that requires no further investigation. Table 1. Causes…

…Signs of a serious condition Finding Significance : : Inability to speak in full sentences Marked work of breathing Use of accessory respiratory muscles or paradoxical abdominal…

…Condition Procedure : : Acute paronychia with fluctuance or visible pus Incision and drainage Acute paronychia without pus formation Antibiotics and soaks alone Ingrown nail with mild…

…disorders. Patients with severe kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially…

…bradycardia mild Tigan TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride NA no no BICILLIN L A PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE Arrhythmia ar less Cardiac arrest severe…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

…3.9 Mid RV diameter (RVD 2), cm 2.7–3.3 3.4–3.7 3.8–4.1 4.2 Base to apex…

…tongue, and upper airway. Due to the risk of airway compromise, it represents a medical emergency. Evaluation and Physical Examination The evaluation of chronic cough…

…participants who were described as frail generally had no more than mild frailty, limiting the applicability of trial findings to people with substantial functional impairment…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…severe lesion may not identify the patient most likely to benefit from intervention. Conversely, apparently mild lesions may rupture and precipitate myocardial infarction or sudden…

…By inhibiting this pump, digoxin affects multiple cellular processes critical to cardiac myocyte function, ultimately exerting a mild positive inotropic effect. Beyond its direct cellular…

…Contraindications Asthma and COPD. Adenosine has caused mild to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung…

…muscle activation, leading to marked heat generation, acidosis, and the subsequent development of hyperkalemia. This condition is potentially fatal and necessitates prompt intervention, including sedation…

…their first year of life ( Triedman et al ). According to the European Society for Cardiology, 2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

Cardiology Interpreting myocardial perfusion SPECT images involves a systematic comparison of rest and stress images to assess myocardial ischemia and infarction. The key steps in…

…Skin symptoms may be absent, and circulatory shock does not have to be present for the condition to be serious [1]. Intramuscular adrenaline (epinephrine) is…

…ABI or follow up 0.41–0.90 Peripheral arterial disease, mild to moderate Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical…

Referensvärden Haemodynamic measurements become interpretable only when related to one another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or…

…Consciousness : : : : Mild DKA 3 to 6 mmol/L pH 7.25 but < 7.30, or bicarbonate 15 to 18 mmol/L Usually unaffected Moderate…

…1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0.3 0.3…

…consistent with commonly used guidelines [1,3]. Level Plasma potassium Management : : : Mild 5.5 to 5.9 mmol/L Confirm the value, address the cause…

…main clinical rule Two questions determine the initial management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2…

…and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes…

…steatohepatitis or viral hepatitis. An isolated raised ALP — check the GGT. A normal GGT shifts the suspicion to bone, pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised…

…8–16 mmol/L ARDS according to the Berlin definition Grade P/F ratio with a PEEP ≥ 5 cmH₂O : : Mild 26.6–40 kPa (200…

…36 mm 13 17 mm/m2 Aortic arch 22 36 mm Descending aorta 20 30 mm ​Adjustment refers to adjusting for body surface area (BSA)…

…severe bleeding. Particular caution is required for: Patients aged ≥ 75 years. Patients with a tendency to bleed (e.g., due to recent trauma, surgery, gastrointestinal…

…60 minutes after ingestion. Elimination follows zero order kinetics at low to moderate concentrations and first order kinetics at higher concentrations. Ethanol is water soluble…

…as much as three times higher than in individuals without comparable renal impairment. The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and terminology Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly…

…a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for individuals without known clinical coronary artery disease, especially when…

…be considered. When plaque is present but stenosis is minimal or mild, symptoms are also unlikely to be caused by flow limiting epicardial disease, and…

…post infarction pericarditis are commonly mild. A rapidly developing or large effusion is clinically more concerning because it may lead to cardiac tamponade or indicate…

…Proceed directly to an exercise ECG test without repeating the resting ECG. B: Repeat the ECG after mild aerobic activity. C: Immediately refer to a…

…left sided congestion—is an important clinical clue. Haemodynamic severity The presentation may range from mild right ventricular impairment to cardiogenic shock. Patients with hypotension…

…the underlying cause. Hypocalcemi Hypocalcemia may arise from various causes, including acute pancreatitis, alkalosis due to hyperventilation, rhabdomyolysis (particularly the initial phase), sepsis, malignancies with…

…Please refer to HOPE Score. Severity Features Body temperature (°C) Mild hypothermia Conscious with tremors 32 35°C Moderate hypothermia Impaired consciousness, with or without shivering…

…ECG ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (electrolyte disorder) The normal cardiac action potential may be altered by electrolyte imbalance, owing to changes in intra…

…at the end of expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist…

…Freeze the image during mid ejection, when the LVOT reaches maximal diameter. Measure from intimal wall to intimal wall, just proximal to the aortic valve…

…Left ventricular mass and geometry Women Men Reference Mildy abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal Reference Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal LINEAR METHOD LV mass…

…CA) is a protein misfolding disorder characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded fibrillar proteins in the myocardium, leading to a diffuse infiltrative cardiomyopathy [8…

…the disrupted surface. Type 2 MI: Attributed to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, without the presence of acute atherothrombosis. Type 3 MI…

…as well as lower ejection fractions and higher peak biomarker levels, compared to those without such conduction defects [12]. Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) : In patients…

…Figure 1B). The muscle fibers adjacent to the epicardium are oriented approximately 60° in relation to the fibers of the mid wall. Contraction in this…

…and when to involve a surgeon The following locations must not be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the…

…Forgetting to review the dose as the corticosteroid is tapered. The dose must come down in parallel, otherwise hypoglycaemia will follow. Discharge without a plan…

…atherothrombotic disease. Mural thrombus may predispose to peripheral embolization. Evaluation and Physical Examination The abdominal aorta may be palpable in the mid abdominal region, with…

…mid (7), and distal (8) LAD, with diagonal branches (D1, 9; D2, 10) and septal branches (S). The LCx (11) gives rise to obtuse marginal…

…which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of…

…which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of…

…PET) and coronary angiography. These modalities aim to image the myocardium, assess wall motions and myocardial perfusion. However, due to varying strengths, limitations and clinical…

…Muscle fibers adjacent to the endocardium are longitudinally oriented, which results in longitudinal shortening (Figure 2A). Muscle fibers in the middle layer (mid wall) are…

…in the chapter The ECG Leads. Acquisition of ECGs in pediatric patients is slightly different from adults, due to obvious anatomical differences. There are, however…