…Typical warning symptoms are: hoarseness, stridor, swelling of the tongue or throat dyspnoea, hypoxia, bronchospasm or severe cough hypotension, collapse, impaired consciousness or new onset…

…Berlin definition Grade P/F ratio with a PEEP ≥ 5 cmH₂O : : Mild 26.6–40 kPa (200–300 mmHg) Moderate 13.3–26.6 kPa …

…to an infusion or injections Drugs for type 2 diabetes in inpatients Agent The acutely ill inpatient : : Metformin Stop in acute kidney injury, hypoxia, shock…

Pulmonary valve regurgitation Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Pulmonary valve morphology normal normal/abnormal abnormal Density CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep…

Mitral valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,69 0,69 EROA (cm²…

Tricuspid valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm…

…Thresholds vary among guideline systems: Classification Fasting triglycerides Non fasting triglycerides Mild to moderate HTG 150–499 mg/dL (1.7–5.6 mmol/L…

…hypertension. Table 1 presents the causes of pulmonary regurgitation. Mild pulmonary regurgitation is a normal echocardiographic finding that requires no further investigation. Table 1. Causes…

…Give short acting bronchodilators. 5. Give a systemic corticosteroid if the exacerbation is more than mild. 6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis…

…Acute paronychia without pus formation Antibiotics and soaks alone Ingrown nail with mild inflammation Splinting with a cotton wisp Ingrown nail with moderate inflammation Splinting…

…Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity: Do not administer to patients with a…

…bradycardia mild Tigan TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride NA no no BICILLIN L A PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE Arrhythmia ar less Cardiac arrest severe…

…vasodilation. Mild pulmonary vasodilation. No effect on CO. Ventricular arrhythmias Cardiac ischemia Hypertension Hypotension Phenylephrine Typically used as emergency bolus to correct acute hypotension. Hypotension…

…RVD 1), cm 2.0–2.8 2.9–3.3 3.4–3.8 3.9 Mid RV diameter (RVD 2), cm 2.7…

…therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial…

…multimorbidity and is frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and ischaemic heart disease. Ageing is associated with progressive increases in systolic blood…

…most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu…

…Conversely, apparently mild lesions may rupture and precipitate myocardial infarction or sudden death. Coronary anatomy must therefore be interpreted within the broader clinical and physiological…

…this pump, digoxin affects multiple cellular processes critical to cardiac myocyte function, ultimately exerting a mild positive inotropic effect. Beyond its direct cellular actions, digoxin…

…Contraindications Asthma and COPD. Adenosine has caused mild to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung…

…and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in Table 1 below. Severity Clinical presentation Treatment Mild hyperthermia Thirst. Weakness. Cold environment…

…half of them have moderate or complicated defects; the remaining third have mild defects ( Baumgartner et al ). Approximately 40,000 children are born with CHD…

…vasodilation. Mild pulmonary vasodilation. No effect on CO. Ventricular arrhythmias Cardiac ischemia Hypertension Hypotension Phenylephrine Typically used as emergency bolus to correct acute hypotension. Hypotension…

…tracer uptake and associated myocardial changes: Mild defects : Characterized by decreased tracer counts while preserving normal wall thickness, often indicative of early or mild ischemia…

…90 Peripheral arterial disease, mild to moderate Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical assessment Exercise ABI. With a normal or…

…E/e′ (mean) < 14 < 14 Aortic valve area 3.0–4.0 cm² 3.0–4.0 cm² Grading of aortic stenosis: mild…

…values [1]. Grade Blood ketones pH or bicarbonate Consciousness : : : : Mild DKA 3 to 6 mmol/L pH 7.25 but < 7.30, or bicarbonate…

…1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0.3 0.3…

…consistent with commonly used guidelines [1,3]. Level Plasma potassium Management : : : Mild 5.5 to 5.9 mmol/L Confirm the value, address the cause…

…Grade Plasma sodium : : Mild 130 to 134 mmol/L Moderate 125 to 129 mmol/L Severe Below 125 mmol/L Duration Definition : : Acute Documented development…

…20 μg/kg/min. Maximum: 40 μg/kg/min + +++++ +++ 0 A potent inotrope with a mild chronotropic effect. Doses < 5 μg…

…< 1.7 1.7–2.3 2.3 Ascites None Mild Moderate–severe Encephalopathy None Grade 1–2 Grade 3–4 Class A =…

…1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3…

…such as gastrointestinal bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage. History of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Severely impaired liver function classified as Child Pugh Class C…

…reduced systemic vascular resistance. The resulting mild reduction in blood pressure is often accompanied by a compensatory rise in cardiac output. Although these changes are…

…Risk of progression rises with proteinuria and depends on cause 2 60 mL/min/1.73 m² Abnormal urinalysis or renal imaging Mild progression risk…

…many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring is a non invasive method for detecting and quantifying calcified coronary atherosclerotic…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Role Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct…

…an exercise ECG test without repeating the resting ECG. B: Repeat the ECG after mild aerobic activity. C: Immediately refer to a heart rhythm specialist…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Right ventricular infarction (RVI) is myocardial necrosis involving the right ventricle, most often occurring in association…

…unknown duration : These cases are managed as chronic hyponatremia. Degree of hyponatremia P/S Na + Common effects Mild 130 125 mmol/l Cognitive disorders, vertigo…

…Please refer to HOPE Score. Severity Features Body temperature (°C) Mild hypothermia Conscious with tremors 32 35°C Moderate hypothermia Impaired consciousness, with or without shivering…

…also cause hyperkalemia. ECG in mild hyperkalemia (potassium 6,0 mmol/L) The earliest sign of hyperkalemia is the pointed T waves. This is most…

…irrespective of sex Mid upper arm circumference Midpoint of the upper arm < 23 cm suggests undernutrition in adults Calf circumference Largest circumference < 31…

…Tract (LVOT) Diameter Optimal View : Mid transgastric left ventricular short axis (LVSAX) view. Method : Zoom to maximize LVOT visibility. Freeze the image during mid ejection…

…Left ventricular mass and geometry Women Men Reference Mildy abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal Reference Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal LINEAR METHOD LV mass…

…drugs or repeated ablation procedures should raise suspicion, especially in patients in their mid 60s or older [10]. Physical examination may reveal a normal or…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Definition and Pathophysiology The conceptual understanding of myocardial infarction (MI) has evolved significantly over the past century. Initial post mortem…

…130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching of the mid QRS in at least two left facing leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate…

…is pulled towards the apex. Myocardial fibers in the middle layer (mid wall) are oriented circularly around the short axis. Contraction in this layer results…

…Surgeon, often operative management Breast Cosmesis, milk ducts, malignancy differential Surgeon or mammography Sole of the foot Deep compartments Orthopaedic surgeon Close to large vessels…

…and requires emergency operation or endovascular repair. AAA may also be associated with mesenteric ischemia or acute renal failure, either through atherosclerotic or atherothrombotic disease…

…or sudden cardiac death. The resulting extensive ischemia causes immediate myocardial stunning (akinesia) and electrical instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with ST elevation myocardial…

…HFPEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) and HFmrEF (heart failure with mid range ejection fraction) are relatively new entities and there are currently no…

…HFPEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) and HFmrEF (heart failure with mid range ejection fraction) are relatively new entities and there are currently no…

…long axis of the ventricle. This creates three circular sections of the left ventricle named basal , mid cavity , and apical . These three parts are divided…

…the muscle layer closest to the endocardium. The subendocardium has the poorest prerequisites in the case of myocardial ischemia. All myocardial infarctions affect the subendocardium…

…V6: placed on level with V4 and V5, in the mid axillary line. V4R: placed on the right medioclavicular line between rib 5 and 6…