…the substance. Treatment of acute poisoning consists of four parallel components: supportive treatment, a targeted antidote, reduced absorption and, in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease…

…medications and illicit substances. Currently, opioid overdose stands as a predominant etiological factor for cardiac arrest within this demographic on a global scale. Numerous substances…

…Therefore, management of sinus tachycardia always requires that each of these causes be assessed thoroughly, as many of the causes require prompt treatment. Inappropriate sinus…

…of reversible causes, continuing staging, and treatment directed at both the cause and the severity [1]. Three questions must be answered immediately: 1. Is there…

…beta blockers in heart failure), which means that the pacemaker is indicated in order to continue treatment with that medication. It should be noted that…

…terminating the medication as compared with implanting a permanent pacemaker and continuing the treatment. Commonly, patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that…

…response to initial treatment and the expected continued bleeding matters more than an exact estimate of blood loss [1]. Strong indications for activation Ongoing bleeding…

…Context Blood pressure management in older adults must account for chronological age, biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional capacity, orthostatic symptoms, and treatment burden…

…indication for treatment but blood pressure in the range of 120–139/70–89 mmHg, concomitant indications and overall cardiovascular risk influence whether medication is…

…Treatment and Management Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) There is overwhelming evidence that ACE inhibitors should be used in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients…

…The underlying endotype must first be defined, because management depends on the mechanism responsible for symptoms and ischaemia. The increasing prevalence of refractory angina reflects…

…This helps explain the neurological manifestations of preeclampsia and the potential for stroke even at blood pressure levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately…

…kidney disease, alcohol excess, dietary factors and relevant medications. Cardiovascular risk category and the adequacy of LDL C lowering treatment. In severe primary HTG, whether…

…treatment and management Any heart rate faster than 100 beats per minute is defined as tachycardia , which is synonymous with tachyarrhythmia. Except for sinus tachycardia…

…and 8% for Class III antiarrhythmic agents depending on the specific drug and dosage [1]. Acute Management and Treatment Alternatives The management of TdP and…

…risk factors, ECG diagnosis and management Atrial fibrillation is the most common abnormal tachyarrhythmia (only sinus tachycardia is more common). The prevalence of atrial fibrillation…

…and certain medications, potentially impacting the accuracy of eGFR estimations. Ethnic and racial Variations: The equation includes adjustments for race, particularly for individuals of African…

…require more careful monitoring and management of modifiable risk factors. The HAS BLED score has demonstrated moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients…

…like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications mitigate adrenergic stimulation, thereby decreasing the…

…like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications mitigate adrenergic stimulation, thereby decreasing the…

…therapy. Nicorandil and trimetazidine are additional options in selected patients. Treatment choices should be integrated with management of precipitating factors such as anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension…

…Sodium imbalance Neither hyponatremia nor hypernatremia typically cause discernible ECG changes. Hyponatremia Effective management of hyponatremia requires careful identification of its etiology, severity (Table 2)…

…treating sinus bradycardia is to discontinue any medications that may be contributing to the slow rate. Acute treatment is generally unnecessary unless the cardiac output…

…ICU Usually outpatient Initial treatment Carefully titrated intravenous therapy when indicated Oral treatment and prompt follow up Main risk of management Overtreatment may impair autoregulation…

…sampling, but does not by itself identify the cause. The result must always be weighed together with the clinical picture, medication, fluid balance, renal function…

…more medications, are not included in the European guideline definition. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not describe a distinctive symptom profile for…

…Where resources permit, objective assessment may include directly observed treatment or detection of prescribed medications in blood or urine samples. In patients with an estimated…

…immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to statin treatment that improve or resolve after reducing the dose or stopping therapy. It is…

…disturbance without nystagmus: HINTS does not apply. Assess gait and truncal stability and investigate for a central cause. Acute vestibular syndrome is often caused by…

…the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) Indications Confirmation of newly detected hypertension — recommended before treatment is started . Suspected white coat hypertension…

…Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics…

…for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication…

…B = 7–9, C = 10–15. MELD Na is used for transplant prioritisation; both are available among the calculators. Fibrosis markers Index Calculation…

…suspected intracranial space occupying lesion with mass effect and midline shift. Ongoing anticoagulant treatment or marked coagulopathy. A platelet count below 50 × 10⁹/L is…

…started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs is made without reduction for incomplete cross tolerance. Indications Acute severe nociceptive pain…

…reduced G5 < 15 Kidney failure Albuminuria Albuminuria is an independent risk marker for both kidney failure and cardiovascular death — a patient with an eGFR…

…a reversibility test. At follow up during ongoing treatment, the test is performed on the usual medication — note this in the report. Record the height…

…is a ready made plan for what happens when the INR runs away or the patient bleeds. In Sweden the treatment is usually managed from…

…a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently stable state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly…

…clinical presentation, bleeding risk, the anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG…

…Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Male Age : 43 years History : None Medications : None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia…

…Male Age : 62 years History : Coronary bypass grafting; history of arrhythmias. Medications : beta blockers ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 …

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Female Age : 72 years History : heart failure Medications : digoxin, quinidine ECG 1 . The initial beats are…

…purpose of antiarrhythmic drugs is to control arrhythmias, these medications may also cause arrhythmias and confusing ECG changes. ECG changes and arrhythmias caused by digoxin…

…block or third degree AV block (not caused by medications) Stroke within 1 month Preparations for exercise stress testing The laboratory and personnel Exercise stress…

Cardiology Indications for pharmacologic agents Pharmacologic stress tests are indicated in the following scenarios: Inability to exercise due to physical limitations. Contraindications to exercise, such…

…to T wave changes. Causes of prolonged QTc duration Antiarrhythmics (procainamide, disopyramide, amiodarone, sotalol) Psychiatric medications (tricyclic antidepressants, SSRI, lithium etc) Antibiotics (macrolides, kinolones, atovaquone…

…and results of the exercise test may be affected by patient characteristics. For example, exercising patients with ongoing myocardial ischemia may provoke life threatening ventricular…

…or death. Treatment for up to 12 months is recommended unless clinically indicated to discontinue earlier. Patients ≥ 75 years Use in patients ≥ 75 years is…

…coronary vasodilation, whereas binding to the A1, A2B, and A3 receptors is responsible for the side effects of heart block, wheezing, and peripheral vasodilation, respectively…

…message: in the setting of acute coronary syndromes, be quick to administer antithrombotic medications and reperfusion. Refer to G Heusch's excellent review on this…

…coughing before cardiac arrest also speak for anaphylaxis (airway obstruction caused by a foreign body is an important differential). Treatment of anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest…

…to the reduced metabolic rate that accompanies declining body temperature. For every 1°C reduction in body temperature, there is a 6% decrease in oxygen consumption…

…causes, for example foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs or other substances (including alcohol) causing cardiac arrest…

Cardiology Indications for myocardial perfusion imaging Diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) : Myocardial perfusion imaging can confirm or rule out CAD in patients with symptoms…

…infections, medications, fever, hypovolemia, dehydration, anemia, hyperthyroidism and myocarditis are common etiologies. Treatment of the underlying cause should resolve the sinus tachycardia. Sinus arrhythmia Sinus…

…always be considered. For example, Wolff Parkinson White syndrome (WPW), pacemaker stimulated beats, electrolyte imbalance and medications may prolong the QRS complex. References Aro AL…

…more difficult, which explains why individuals with bundle branch blocks are treated sub optimally (in terms of evidence based medications and use of PCI), as…