…the substance. Treatment of acute poisoning consists of four parallel components: supportive treatment, a targeted antidote, reduced absorption and, in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For…

…nerve endings due to the accumulation of bradykinin. ACE is responsible for metabolizing bradykinin and other tachykinins, such as substance P. When ACE is inhibited…

…medications and illicit substances. Currently, opioid overdose stands as a predominant etiological factor for cardiac arrest within this demographic on a global scale. Numerous substances…

…Therefore, management of sinus tachycardia always requires that each of these causes be assessed thoroughly, as many of the causes require prompt treatment. Inappropriate sinus…

…all medication, including over the counter preparations, herbal remedies, contrast media and recently stopped drugs. 8. Treat sepsis, bleeding, shock, hypoxia and any other underlying…

…beta blockers in heart failure), which means that the pacemaker is indicated in order to continue treatment with that medication. It should be noted that…

…terminating the medication as compared with implanting a permanent pacemaker and continuing the treatment. Commonly, patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that…

…response to initial treatment and the expected continued bleeding matters more than an exact estimate of blood loss [1]. Strong indications for activation Ongoing bleeding…

…Context Blood pressure management in older adults must account for chronological age, biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional capacity, orthostatic symptoms, and treatment burden…

…indication for treatment but blood pressure in the range of 120–139/70–89 mmHg, concomitant indications and overall cardiovascular risk influence whether medication is…

…Treatment and Management Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) There is overwhelming evidence that ACE inhibitors should be used in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients…

…The underlying endotype must first be defined, because management depends on the mechanism responsible for symptoms and ischaemia. The increasing prevalence of refractory angina reflects…

…This helps explain the neurological manifestations of preeclampsia and the potential for stroke even at blood pressure levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately…

…kidney disease, alcohol excess, dietary factors and relevant medications. Cardiovascular risk category and the adequacy of LDL C lowering treatment. In severe primary HTG, whether…

…treatment and management Any heart rate faster than 100 beats per minute is defined as tachycardia , which is synonymous with tachyarrhythmia. Except for sinus tachycardia…

…and 8% for Class III antiarrhythmic agents depending on the specific drug and dosage [1]. Acute Management and Treatment Alternatives The management of TdP and…

…are scarce). Indeed, the strongest risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation is age. Other significant risk factors are as follows: male sex, hypertension, left ventricular…

…and certain medications, potentially impacting the accuracy of eGFR estimations. Ethnic and racial Variations: The equation includes adjustments for race, particularly for individuals of African…

…require more careful monitoring and management of modifiable risk factors. The HAS BLED score has demonstrated moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients…

…like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications mitigate adrenergic stimulation, thereby decreasing the…

…like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications mitigate adrenergic stimulation, thereby decreasing the…

…therapy. Nicorandil and trimetazidine are additional options in selected patients. Treatment choices should be integrated with management of precipitating factors such as anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension…

…Sodium imbalance Neither hyponatremia nor hypernatremia typically cause discernible ECG changes. Hyponatremia Effective management of hyponatremia requires careful identification of its etiology, severity (Table 2)…

…treating sinus bradycardia is to discontinue any medications that may be contributing to the slow rate. Acute treatment is generally unnecessary unless the cardiac output…

…monoamine oxidase inhibitor crisis, cocaine intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure, including methamphetamine. Abrupt withdrawal of antihypertensive medication, particularly clonidine, can also precipitate a hypertensive crisis…

…sampling, but does not by itself identify the cause. The result must always be weighed together with the clinical picture, medication, fluid balance, renal function…

…more medications, are not included in the European guideline definition. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not describe a distinctive symptom profile for…

…This includes: Poor adherence to antihypertensive treatment White coat hypertension Other contributors to apparently uncontrolled blood pressure Adherence should initially be explored carefully through direct…

…immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to statin treatment that improve or resolve after reducing the dose or stopping therapy. It is…

…disturbance without nystagmus: HINTS does not apply. Assess gait and truncal stability and investigate for a central cause. Acute vestibular syndrome is often caused by…

…the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) Indications Confirmation of newly detected hypertension — recommended before treatment is started . Suspected white coat hypertension…

…side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of…

…for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication…

…A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance…

…puncture, and antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression…

…started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs is made without reduction for incomplete cross tolerance. Indications Acute severe nociceptive pain…

…start of dialysis < 0.3 mL/kg/h for ≥ 24 h, or anuria ≥ 12 h Other kidney related values The fractional excretion of sodium…

…a reversibility test. At follow up during ongoing treatment, the test is performed on the usual medication — note this in the report. Record the height…

…is a ready made plan for what happens when the INR runs away or the patient bleeds. In Sweden the treatment is usually managed from…

…a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently stable state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly…

…clinical presentation, bleeding risk, the anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG…

…Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Male Age : 43 years History : None Medications : None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia…

…Male Age : 62 years History : Coronary bypass grafting; history of arrhythmias. Medications : beta blockers ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 …

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Female Age : 72 years History : heart failure Medications : digoxin, quinidine ECG 1 . The initial beats are…

…purpose of antiarrhythmic drugs is to control arrhythmias, these medications may also cause arrhythmias and confusing ECG changes. ECG changes and arrhythmias caused by digoxin…

…block or third degree AV block (not caused by medications) Stroke within 1 month Preparations for exercise stress testing The laboratory and personnel Exercise stress…

Cardiology Indications for pharmacologic agents Pharmacologic stress tests are indicated in the following scenarios: Inability to exercise due to physical limitations. Contraindications to exercise, such…

…of the QT interval (QT duration). The QT duration represents the total time for depolarization and repolarization. It is measured from the beginning of the…

…and results of the exercise test may be affected by patient characteristics. For example, exercising patients with ongoing myocardial ischemia may provoke life threatening ventricular…

…or death. Treatment for up to 12 months is recommended unless clinically indicated to discontinue earlier. Patients ≥ 75 years Use in patients ≥ 75 years is…

…as a rapid intravenous bolus. Unlike many other intravenous medications where rapid boluses risk hemodynamic instability or transiently toxic concentrations, adenosine requires a rapidly delivered…

…message: in the setting of acute coronary syndromes, be quick to administer antithrombotic medications and reperfusion. Refer to G Heusch's excellent review on this…

…coughing before cardiac arrest also speak for anaphylaxis (airway obstruction caused by a foreign body is an important differential). Treatment of anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest…

…to the reduced metabolic rate that accompanies declining body temperature. For every 1°C reduction in body temperature, there is a 6% decrease in oxygen consumption…

…causes, for example foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs or other substances (including alcohol) causing cardiac arrest…

…or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines, which antagonize adenosine receptors, should be avoided for at least 12 hours before testing. Dobutamine : Contraindicated…

…infections, medications, fever, hypovolemia, dehydration, anemia, hyperthyroidism and myocarditis are common etiologies. Treatment of the underlying cause should resolve the sinus tachycardia. Sinus arrhythmia Sinus…

…that other causes of wide QRS complex must always be considered. For example, Wolff Parkinson White syndrome (WPW), pacemaker stimulated beats, electrolyte imbalance and medications…

…more difficult, which explains why individuals with bundle branch blocks are treated sub optimally (in terms of evidence based medications and use of PCI), as…