…low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to guide therapy. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy…

…departments; a palpable ulnar pulse and a warm, well perfused hand carry more weight. Choice of vessel The radial artery is the first choice : superficial…

…bradypnoea or apnoea Pulse Under 110 per minute At least 110 per minute Bradycardia or arrhythmia PEF Over 50 percent of personal best or predicted…

…Robinul) 0.2 mg is an alternative premedication. Peripheral venous cannula, saline flush. ECG monitoring, pulse oximetry and blood pressure measurement throughout the test. Oxygen…

…level of consciousness. 2. Attach ECG, pulse oximetry and repeated blood pressure measurement when a hypertensive emergency is suspected. 3. Insert a peripheral venous cannula…

…case add toe pressure measurement. Absolute: ABI < 0.5 or toe pressure < 30 mmHg. Decompensated heart failure — compression of both legs acutely increases…

…high Lp(a) level may lead to substantial underestimation of cardiovascular risk. Conversely, Lp(a) measurement provides limited additional reclassification beyond currently recommended global risk…

…Ejection fraction is routinely examined at rest, which does not reveal the functional (maximum) capacity of the left ventricle, as this would require measuring the…

…Insert a urinary catheter and start hourly urine output measurement. 5. Give a bolus of sodium bicarbonate 1–2 mmol/kg intravenously in symptomatic salicylate…