…risk of rapid deterioration. Intraosseous access: Cardiac arrest where venous access is not immediately available. Shock, severe trauma, burns or status epilepticus when peripheral access…

…level of consciousness and PEF improve at the same time. Acute severe asthma is characterised by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory flow limitation…

…flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of that stenosis. The complete physiological formulation considers coronary venous…

…low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to guide therapy. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy…

…high Lp(a) level may lead to substantial underestimation of cardiovascular risk. Conversely, Lp(a) measurement provides limited additional reclassification beyond currently recommended global risk…

…Ejection fraction is routinely examined at rest, which does not reveal the functional (maximum) capacity of the left ventricle, as this would require measuring the…

…closer monitoring — the patient cannot feel pressure injury Peripheral neuropathy of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with…

…Insert a urinary catheter and start hourly urine output measurement. 5. Give a bolus of sodium bicarbonate 1–2 mmol/kg intravenously in symptomatic salicylate…

…with a capillary or venous measurement [5]. Treatment The awake patient who can swallow safely Give 15 to 20 g of rapid acting carbohydrate orally…