Echocardiography Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been…

Cardiology Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants…

…al). ATRIA Score: The same study found that the ATRIA score had a lower predictive performance for major bleeding compared to HAS BLED. The C…

…and infarction Definition and therapeutic rationale Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries…

…orientation Two questions govern the initial management: 1. Is the patient haemodynamically compromised, or are there signs of ongoing major bleeding? 2. Is there cirrhosis…

…Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing anticoagulation therapy…

…and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple…

…with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein, has been a major therapeutic target. This concept is clinically relevant because cardiovascular risk may…

…with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as…

…hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their…

…abstinence from tobacco and ultimately from nicotine. Smoking is a major modifiable driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear…

…right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major…

…The 2021 Universal Definition of Heart Failure, endorsed by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels…

…cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates…

…not delay reperfusion. 5. Give aspirin if acute coronary syndrome is likely and aortic dissection or active major bleeding is not suspected. 6. Call the…

…example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is…

…are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration…

…Assessment of chronotropic function and pacemaker settings. Preoperative functional assessment before major surgery. At a low pre test probability most positive results are false positives…

…where needed, coagulation expertise at the same time [1]. Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and…

…surgical ward. Decompression in severe vomiting where the stomach does not empty. Intraoperatively and postoperatively after major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition…

…major trauma. Postoperative pain. Cancer related pain and pain in the palliative phase. Severe breathlessness in the palliative phase (at lower doses than for pain…

…arrest, shock, sepsis, major trauma, unconsciousness — until the saturation can be measured reliably. Conditions in which oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation (see below)…

…A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a major injury proximal to the puncture site. A joint prosthesis or orthopaedic metalwork in the…

…most QT Prolongation moderate Aveed TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE Heart Damage wp most major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) severe ARISTADA ARIPIPRAZOLE LAUROXIL aripiprazole lauroxil Mixed…

…over the next 5 years. The calculator is widely used in clinical practice and is endorsed by major cardiology guidelines, including those from the European…

…23–32) require careful consideration by a heart team. Predict Outcomes : The score has been validated to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE) , including mortality…

…Creatinine Clearance : Reduced renal function increases risk. Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) : Lower LVEF is associated with worse outcomes. Unprotected Left Main Disease : Increases complexity…

…females, although the sex difference becomes less pronounced in older age. Cigarette smoking is a major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly…

…defined as a drug induced or drug exacerbated cardiac arrhythmia, constitutes a major clinical problem. It can manifest as an increase in the frequency of…

…ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow…

…The agent undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, yielding desethylamiodarone as a major active metabolite. Both the parent drug and its metabolite accumulate extensively in various tissues…

…atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI…

…Across the updated systematic review, absolute reductions in major ASCVD events ranged from 0.8% to 2.5%. In people with a 10 year cardiovascular…

…Psychological and social factors also influence prognosis. Major depression after infarction is associated independently with increased mortality, while inadequate emotional support is associated with recurrent…

…disease may be obstructive or non obstructive. Atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries is a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from…

…recurrent symptoms, myocardial infarction, or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular…

…demonstrated lower rates of access site bleeding, surgical repair, and blood transfusion with radial access. Radial access has also been associated with lower overall major…

…plaque and can assess stenosis. A major limitation is that CAC does not measure total plaque burden or stenosis severity directly. A patient may have…

…Within the ARC HBR framework, HBR is defined by the presence of at least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent stenting is associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature…

…agents to become essential tools for cardiovascular risk reduction, offering profound benefits in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF…

…heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in developed countries. New ischemic events are major determinants of subsequent LV deterioration and long term survival. Viable…

…populations, reflecting differences in fat distribution and ethnicity. Abdominal obesity is a major driving force. Visceral adipose tissue is metabolically active and produces proinflammatory mediators…

…quantify stress induced myocardial ischaemia. Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion…

…include: Coronary dissection with obstruction of the true lumen Occlusion of a major epicardial artery or bypass graft Side branch occlusion or thrombus Disruption of…

…cardiovascular prevention and treatment. It is associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes…

…aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth…

…evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by non HDL cholesterol…

…atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute coronary syndrome The major mechanisms producing acute coronary syndromes are: Plaque rupture with exposure of thrombogenic material. Superficial plaque…

…STEMI patients but significantly delayed treatment. While the OMI/NOMI framework is not yet formally incorporated into major clinical guidelines, it aligns with their emphasis…

…uterus to the left. Consider tilting the patient at a 15–30° left lateral angle to relieve pressure on the major vessels. A large uterus…

…is delivered to the myocardium via the leads, which are guided to the right atrial and ventricular myocardium via a vein (Figure 1). Figure 1…

…Congenital Heart disease). Prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common class of major congenital malformations. CHD occurs in…

…continuously. Sample volume (SV) The major advantage of pulsed wave Doppler is the ability to specify where (along the Doppler line) to measure velocities. This…