…failure. The rapid advances in the 1970s and 1980s were followed by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure…

…failure. The rapid advances in the 1970s and 1980s were followed by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

…aorta. Type III: originates in the descending aorta, usually just distal to the left subclavian artery. Type IIIa: remains confined to the descending thoracic aorta…

…pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies across the clinical patterns of AF—paroxysmal…

…Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications, but intensive glucose lowering alone has shown little or no consistent effect on cardiovascular complications in…

…score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score of 2 suggests moderate risk A score of 3 or higher indicates high risk of major…

…1 point) S troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years) 0 Low 1.9 1 Low 2…

…major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of…

…clinically Signs of major or ongoing bleeding are: hypotension or a postural drop tachycardia a cold periphery and delayed capillary refill confusion, drowsiness or syncope…

…Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing anticoagulation therapy…

…and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple…

…therapy alongside standard treatment. Interleukin 1β inhibition Canakinumab reduced inflammatory biomarkers without affecting lipids or other major coronary risk factors. In patients with previous…

…stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any…

…disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major…

…coronary syndrome Reinfarction reduced by approximately 30–40%; death reduced by approximately 35–45% Peripheral artery disease Lower risk of progression to chronic limb threat

…death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary…

…by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic…

…collectively dictate the urgency and modality of intervention [3] . By Duration: Non sustained VT (NSVT): Defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a…

…serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not…

…and a warm, well perfused hand carry more weight. Choice of vessel The radial artery is the first choice : superficial, easy to compress, with a…

…therefore the beginning of the investigation, not the end. In a frail older patient an apparently small insult — sleep deprivation, urinary retention or a new…

…probability of coronary artery disease. Assessment of exercise capacity and symptoms in known heart disease. Risk assessment after myocardial infarction or before revascularisation. Evaluation of…

…aneurysm or another major vascular bleed. Perioperative bleeding that rapidly fills the suction, the swabs or the operative field and requires repeated units of red…

…major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of…

…of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…question): A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a major injury proximal to the puncture site. A joint prosthesis or orthopaedic metalwork in…

…Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA Relprevv…

…nature of HCM. By combining these factors, the calculator generates a 5 year SCD risk percentage , which helps clinicians stratify patients into low, intermediate, or…

…anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions…

…patient should undergo PCI or CABG based on their risk profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac events…

…major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly among first degree relatives, with siblings appearing to be especially affected. The principal determinant of…

…a drug induced or drug exacerbated cardiac arrhythmia, constitutes a major clinical problem. It can manifest as an increase in the frequency of a pre…

…obstruction may result from progression of peripheral arterial disease, cardiac or aortic embolisation, acute aortic dissection, thrombosis of a graft or aneurysm, popliteal artery entrapment…

…days as necessary. Supplemental infusions of 150 mg over 10 minutes can be utilized for breakthrough ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). IV infusions…

…atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI…

…major bleeding events caused. The evidence is not materially different by age or sex in the overall trial analyses. Some data from a study of…

…cessation Improve management of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus Reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms Facilitate return to work and appropriate recreational or sporting activity Limit…

…is a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from epicardial vasomotor abnormalities or structural and functional microvascular disease. Thus, the presence of non…

…haemodynamic consequences of the culprit lesion. Patients may present with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non ST elevation ACS (NSTE ACS), or ACS complicated…

…been identified as important risk factors. Severe atherosclerosis of the axillary or subclavian arteries may increase the risk of embolization. Risk assessment should be individualized…

…population screening test. It may also be considered in selected lower risk individuals with a family history of premature coronary artery disease. CAC findings incidentally…

…presence of at least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does not provide the individual ARC HBR criteria. Modification of antiplatelet…

…elderly, or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause [4]…

…bleeding. Have high ischaemic risk. Do not have a high risk of major or life threatening bleeding. Extended treatment may also be considered in patie

…distinguish between muscle mass and various fat depots, or to identify the precise location of excess adiposity. 2 Clinical guidelines now emphasize that a BMI…

…severe myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble primary dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly when angina or a previous myocardial infarction …

…abdominal, or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The…

…available, PET MPI is recommended in individuals with suspected chronic coronary syndrome and a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease…

…from acute compromise of coronary flow. Mechanisms include: Coronary dissection with obstruction of the true lumen Occlusion of a major epicardial artery or bypass graft…

…Physical activity should be assessed and prescribed using the components of: Frequency Intensity Time or duration Type Progression The prescription should be individualized rather than…

…of those with resistant hypertension. It is also more frequent with increasing blood pressure severity. Hypokalaemia is highly suggestive when present, particularly if spontaneous or…

…evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by non HDL cholesterol…

…with a calcified nodule. Epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch…

…Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO, rather than rigid ECG thresholds…

…in a cardiac arrest. For women beyond the 20 th week of pregnancy, or when the fundal height surpasses the umbilicus, the uterus should be…

…Figure 1). Unipolar vs. bipolar pacing Pacemakers can utilize either a unipolar or bipolar mode of pacing (Figure 3). In bipolar pacing, the voltage difference…

…2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects, and half of them have moderate or complicated defects; the remaining third have mild defects (…

…pulses of ultrasound and analyzes reflected sound waves between the pulses. CW Doppler sends and analyses ultrasound continuously. Sample volume (SV) The major advantage of…