…failure. The rapid advances in the 1970s and 1980s were followed by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure…

…failure. The rapid advances in the 1970s and 1980s were followed by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure…

…be initiated concurrently. In patients with a confirmed indication for treatment but blood pressure in the range of 120–139/70–89 mmHg, concomitant indications…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies across the clinical patterns of AF—paroxysmal…

…consequences of diabetes may present through any major cardiovascular phenotype: CAD, including chronic coronary syndromes and acute coronary syndromes HF across the spectrum of left…

…a widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking…

…1 point) S troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years) 0 Low 1.9 1 Low 2…

…major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of…

…the first instance. Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate reassessment of the blood pressure, pulse, peripheral perfusion, mental state and…

…Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing anticoagulation therapy…

…and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple…

…of inflammatory cells to vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway, with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein, has been a major…

…no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more…

…This helps explain the neurological manifestations of preeclampsia and the potential for stroke even at blood pressure levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately…

…a major modifiable driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion of the…

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

…endorsed by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or…

…bundles of myocytes that form the slow conducting isthmuses critical for re entry [6] . Non ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NICM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and arrhythmogenic right…

…Blood sampling must not delay reperfusion. 5. Give aspirin if acute coronary syndrome is likely and aortic dissection or active major bleeding is not suspected…

…blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of…

…and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care …

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…is calculated as the heart rate divided by the systolic blood pressure. A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an…

…major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of…

…effect varies tenfold between individuals, and the only way to find the right level is to give a small dose, wait until it has worked…

…sepsis, major trauma, unconsciousness — until the saturation can be measured reliably. Conditions in which oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation (see below). Oxygen does…

…is flexed. The dorsum of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital…

…Cortef HYDROCORTISONE SODIUM SUCCINATE HYDROCORTISONE SODIUM SUCCINATE Heart Damage wp less elevation of blood pressure mild Calcium Disodium Versenate EDETATE CALCIUM DISODIUM EDETATE CALCIUM DISODIUM…

…individual's risk of SCD over the next 5 years. The calculator is widely used in clinical practice and is endorsed by major cardiology guidelines…

…SYNTAX Score is a semi quantitative scoring system designed to assess the complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and guide the choice between percutaneous coronary…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly among first degree relatives, with siblings appearing to be especially affected. The principal determinant of…

…constitutes a major clinical problem. It can manifest as an increase in the frequency of a pre existing arrhythmia, the sustenance of a previously non…

…ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow…

…The agent undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, yielding desethylamiodarone as a major active metabolite. Both the parent drug and its metabolite accumulate extensively in various tissues…

…atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI…

…major bleeding events caused. The evidence is not materially different by age or sex in the overall trial analyses. Some data from a study of…

…capacity, while risk factor treatment and lifestyle modification reduce the burden of recurrent coronary risk. Nutritional counselling, smoking cessation, blood pressure and lipid management, and…

…and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced angina or ischaemia associated with obstructive…

…recurrent symptoms, myocardial infarction, or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular…

…lower rates of access site bleeding, surgical repair, and blood transfusion with radial access. Radial access has also been associated with lower overall major adverse…

…improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of risk factors such as elevated blood pressure and lipid abnormalities. CAC should therefore…

…presence of at least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does not provide the individual ARC HBR criteria. Modification of antiplatelet…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…bleeding. Have high ischaemic risk. Do not have a high risk of major or life threatening bleeding. Extended treatment may also be considered in patie

…decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure, lipids…

…is the leading cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in developed countries. New ischemic events are major determinants of subsequent LV deterioration…

…clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and impaired glucose regulation. Diagnosis is based on the coexistence of…

…the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion, and ejection fraction using ECG gated acquisitions. Quantify myocardial blood flow…

…proposed mechanism. No reflow may produce major short and long term adverse consequences, including a substantially increased risk of periprocedural MI and death. Troponin elevation…

…muscular strength, quality of life and psychological well being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in…

…which translocates to the nucleus and induces expression of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport…

…evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by non HDL cholesterol…

…rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly progressive severe stenoses are less likely to cause STEMI because collateral vessels may develop over…

…is not yet formally incorporated into major clinical guidelines, it aligns with their emphasis on early angiography in high risk patients regardless of ECG findings…

…displacement of the uterus to the left. Consider tilting the patient at a 15–30° left lateral angle to relieve pressure on the major vessels…

…the leads, which are guided to the right atrial and ventricular myocardium via a vein (Figure 1). Figure 1. Components of a pacemaker. The pacemaker…

…will correctly identify five of these with critical CHD ( Plana et al ). Minor defects can go unnoticed for many years. Occasionally, major defects may go…

…use of greater pulse repetition frequency, which results in greater resolution. PRF must be high in order to assess the velocity and direction of blood…