…failure. The rapid advances in the 1970s and 1980s were followed by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure…

…failure. The rapid advances in the 1970s and 1980s were followed by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies across the clinical patterns of AF—paroxysmal…

…Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications, but intensive glucose lowering alone has shown little or no consistent effect on cardiovascular complications in…

…score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score of 2 suggests moderate risk A score of 3 or higher indicates high risk of major…

…1 point) S troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years) 0 Low 1.9 1 Low 2…

…and infarction Definition and therapeutic rationale Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries…

…clinically Signs of major or ongoing bleeding are: hypotension or a postural drop tachycardia a cold periphery and delayed capillary refill confusion, drowsiness or syncope…

…Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing anticoagulation therapy…

…and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple…

…therapy alongside standard treatment. Interleukin 1β inhibition Canakinumab reduced inflammatory biomarkers without affecting lipids or other major coronary risk factors. In patients with previous…

…stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any…

…disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major…

…environmental exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after the acute event and warrant particular attention. Cardiovascular benefits of cessation The principal benefits relevant…

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

…by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic…

…collectively dictate the urgency and modality of intervention [3] . By Duration: Non sustained VT (NSVT): Defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a…

…lead ECG within 10 minutes. 3. Attach defibrillator pads if the patient is unstable or at marked risk of arrhythmia. 4. Take a full blood…

…loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke…

…therefore the beginning of the investigation, not the end. In a frail older patient an apparently small insult — sleep deprivation, urinary retention or a new…

…of treatment effect in stable angina. Exercise induced arrhythmia or exercise induced syncope. Assessment of chronotropic function and pacemaker settings. Preoperative functional assessment before major…

…aneurysm or another major vascular bleed. Perioperative bleeding that rapidly fills the suction, the swabs or the operative field and requires repeated units of red…

…major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of…

…of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA Relprevv…

…nature of HCM. By combining these factors, the calculator generates a 5 year SCD risk percentage , which helps clinicians stratify patients into low, intermediate, or…

…anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions…

…patient should undergo PCI or CABG based on their risk profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac events…

…major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly among first degree relatives, with siblings appearing to be especially affected. The principal determinant of…

…a drug induced or drug exacerbated cardiac arrhythmia, constitutes a major clinical problem. It can manifest as an increase in the frequency of a pre…

…limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood…

…days as necessary. Supplemental infusions of 150 mg over 10 minutes can be utilized for breakthrough ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). IV infusions…

…atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI…

…major bleeding events caused. The evidence is not materially different by age or sex in the overall trial analyses. Some data from a study of…

…cessation Improve management of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus Reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms Facilitate return to work and appropriate recreational or sporting activity Limit…

…is a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from epicardial vasomotor abnormalities or structural and functional microvascular disease. Thus, the presence of non…

…haemodynamic consequences of the culprit lesion. Patients may present with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non ST elevation ACS (NSTE ACS), or ACS complicated…

…been identified as important risk factors. Severe atherosclerosis of the axillary or subclavian arteries may increase the risk of embolization. Risk assessment should be individualized…

…by itself, establish the presence or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for…

…presence of at least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does not provide the individual ARC HBR criteria. Modification of antiplatelet…

…elderly, or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause [4]…

…bleeding. Have high ischaemic risk. Do not have a high risk of major or life threatening bleeding. Extended treatment may also be considered in patie

…distinguish between muscle mass and various fat depots, or to identify the precise location of excess adiposity. 2 Clinical guidelines now emphasize that a BMI…

…encompasses several physiological states. Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can…

…abdominal, or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The…

…The examination may be used to: Establish the presence of ischaemia or scar. Quantify the extent of myocardial involvement. Estimate major adverse cardiovascular event risk…

…vein grafts, rotational atherectomy, and acute MI procedures. Distal embolization of atheromatous or thrombotic material is an important proposed mechanism. No reflow may produce major…

…Physical activity should be assessed and prescribed using the components of: Frequency Intensity Time or duration Type Progression The prescription should be individualized rather than…

…of those with resistant hypertension. It is also more frequent with increasing blood pressure severity. Hypokalaemia is highly suggestive when present, particularly if spontaneous or…

…evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by non HDL cholesterol…

…major mechanisms producing acute coronary syndromes are: Plaque rupture with exposure of thrombogenic material. Superficial plaque erosion. Thrombosis associated with a calcified nodule. Epicardial or…

…Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO, rather than rigid ECG thresholds…

…the vein can be fully compressed in the supine position in a cardiac arrest. For women beyond the 20 th week of pregnancy, or when…

…the leads, which are guided to the right atrial and ventricular myocardium via a vein (Figure 1). Figure 1. Components of a pacemaker. The pacemaker…

…2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects, and half of them have moderate or complicated defects; the remaining third have mild defects (…

…pulses of ultrasound and analyzes reflected sound waves between the pulses. CW Doppler sends and analyses ultrasound continuously. Sample volume (SV) The major advantage of…