…failure. The rapid advances in the 1970s and 1980s were followed by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure…

…failure. The rapid advances in the 1970s and 1980s were followed by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies across the clinical patterns of AF—paroxysmal…

…aortic disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies…

…a widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking…

…1 point) S troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years) 0 Low 1.9 1 Low 2…

…major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of…

…Intubation is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged…

…Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing anticoagulation therapy…

…and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple…

…of inflammatory cells to vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway, with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein, has been a major…

…no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more…

…disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major…

…coronary syndrome Reinfarction reduced by approximately 30–40%; death reduced by approximately 35–45% Peripheral artery disease Lower risk of progression to chronic limb threat

…death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary…

…endorsed by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or…

…cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates…

…heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not recommended [1,5]. STEMI…

…and a warm, well perfused hand carry more weight. Choice of vessel The radial artery is the first choice : superficial, easy to compress, with a…

…and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care …

…Indications Evaluation of chest pain with an intermediate pre test probability of coronary artery disease. Assessment of exercise capacity and symptoms in known heart disease…

…1]. Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and the simultaneous delivery of red cells, plasma and…

…major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of…

…is given. The serious incidents almost always arise when the principle of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a…

…sepsis, major trauma, unconsciousness — until the saturation can be measured reliably. Conditions in which oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation (see below). Oxygen does…

…suspected of thrombosis or previously thrombophlebitic. Intraosseous access (absolute, for the bone in question): A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a major…

…Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA Relprevv…

…individual's risk of SCD over the next 5 years. The calculator is widely used in clinical practice and is endorsed by major cardiology guidelines…

…Strategy in Complex Coronary Artery Disease The SYNTAX Score is a semi quantitative scoring system designed to assess the complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly among first degree relatives, with siblings appearing to be especially affected. The principal determinant of…

…constitutes a major clinical problem. It can manifest as an increase in the frequency of a pre existing arrhythmia, the sustenance of a previously non…

…obstruction may result from progression of peripheral arterial disease, cardiac or aortic embolisation, acute aortic dissection, thrombosis of a graft or aneurysm, popliteal artery entrapment…

…The agent undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, yielding desethylamiodarone as a major active metabolite. Both the parent drug and its metabolite accumulate extensively in various tissues…

…atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI…

…major bleeding events caused. The evidence is not materially different by age or sex in the overall trial analyses. Some data from a study of…

…Exercise training can reverse deconditioning and increase functional capacity, while risk factor treatment and lifestyle modification reduce the burden of recurrent coronary risk. Nutritional counselling…

…and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced angina or ischaemia associated with obstructive…

…The clinical importance of residual disease is also influenced by anatomic complexity and comorbidity, which themselves may contribute to progression of native coronary artery disease…

…and procedural complexity. Overall incidence and major complications Complications during diagnostic coronary angiography occur in approximately 2% of patients. Serious events such as stroke and…

…population screening test. It may also be considered in selected lower risk individuals with a family history of premature coronary artery disease. CAC findings incidentally…

…presence of at least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does not provide the individual ARC HBR criteria. Modification of antiplatelet…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…bleeding. Have high ischaemic risk. Do not have a high risk of major or life threatening bleeding. Extended treatment may also be considered in patie

…offering profound benefits in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD…

…is the leading cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in developed countries. New ischemic events are major determinants of subsequent LV deterioration…

…cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary artery disease. Hyperuricaemia and Endothelial Dysfunction Insulin resistance impairs renal tubular handling of uric acid and may contribute to hyperuricaemia. Uric…

…quantify stress induced myocardial ischaemia. Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion…

…from acute compromise of coronary flow. Mechanisms include: Coronary dissection with obstruction of the true lumen Occlusion of a major epicardial artery or bypass graft…

…muscular strength, quality of life and psychological well being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in…

…which translocates to the nucleus and induces expression of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport…

…evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by non HDL cholesterol…

…spasm may account for the ischaemia. STEMI usually results from rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly progressive severe stenoses are less…

…is not yet formally incorporated into major clinical guidelines, it aligns with their emphasis on early angiography in high risk patients regardless of ECG findings…

…displacement of the uterus to the left. Consider tilting the patient at a 15–30° left lateral angle to relieve pressure on the major vessels…

…of a pacemaker. The pacemaker is commonly implanted under the clavicle, between the skin and the pectorialis major. The pulse generator has a shell of…

…will correctly identify five of these with critical CHD ( Plana et al ). Minor defects can go unnoticed for many years. Occasionally, major defects may go…

…pulses of ultrasound and analyzes reflected sound waves between the pulses. CW Doppler sends and analyses ultrasound continuously. Sample volume (SV) The major advantage of…